Strengthening Community - 624 Words

Strengthening Community There are numerous changes that challenge the community to adapt. These can arise from violence at home, and they can follow one person to their school and workplace. Furthermore, new forms of communication, such as social media, when used inappropriately, can negatively affect the community. However, I believe that it is possible for an individual to take action and intervene to help strengthen the community. Strengthening the community can be started at home, advancing to the school, workplace or to any other forms of community like churches and other social groups. Social media which is a powerful communication tool, if positively utilized, can also help strengthen the community. Strengthening a community can†¦show more content†¦These can alleviate social problems thereby resulting to a decent community where people would like to live. Social media, as previously mentioned can either have a positive or negative impact to the community. It is a wonderful resource for adults and children. It is used as an instant communication tool. Unfortunately, it can have a damaging effect to the community when use inappropriately. Back in the old days, bullying behavior occurs face-to-face. Now, with the advancement of technology, bullying can be done easily and instantly through the use of computer, cellphones and other electronic devices. People can share photos and videos through social media that can contain violence and sex creating a negative impact to the society, as kids and adult can involve themselves in crime related activities. However, when utilized by responsible people, social media can be used to educate and promote a peaceful, safe environment. People can also share news and information through social media which gives them awareness on what’s happening around them. In conclusion, an individual can adapt to the changes within the community and take action to strengthen it. It starts from home where parents can provide safe and positive environment to their children while teaching them discipline and responsibility. These will lead to a strong, good foundation that will help them withstand the negativeShow MoreRelatedBuilding And Strengthening Positive Relationships With Parents And The Community970 Words   |  4 Pagescampaign is to inform the community and parents of all the positive activities that occur within the Pocono Mountain School District. Building and strengthening positive relationships with parents and the community is an important aspect of school culture. This campaign will also build awareness of what educators do every day to meet the needs of the students and the community. There is one primary goal to PRIDE on Each Side: Promote the Positive. The goal is for the community to see the school districtRead MoreHigh Incidence Of Breast And Cervical Cancer873 Words   |  4 PagesAfrican- American women faced in the small communities of South Carolina which included low self-esteem, premature death for many of which could have been prevented, or halter. A program in place that allowed for early treatment and recognition with better screening protocols for breast and cervical cancer could have save many lives. This is why creating a program that provides quality of care as the Black Corals program did for the citizens in the small communities of South Carolina, which allowed someRead MoreContexts Dependent Approach For Participation818 Words   |  4 Pagesfocused on negotiable issues. These principles are more critical when dealing with the local communities in which the major projects would take place, as it will impact their livelihoods and their socio-cultural circumstances. Therefore, the participation of local communities during EIA should take into account their local values beyond the factual evide nce (Bond et al. 2004, p.622). Engaging local communities in EIA must be context-oriented, open and transparent in order to achieve real outcomes (Andrà ©Read MoreAnalysis Of Sisterhood Is Complicated By Ruth Padawer1107 Words   |  5 Pagessense of community amongst people who share a common characteristic. A sense of fellowship amongst similar people allows a person to become more comfortable with who they are through interactions with others who are going through—or have gone through—the same triumphs or hardships. Without this feeling of belonging, one could be driven into insanity. Anxiety due to isolation and desolation could run rampant through a person’s mind because of the loneliness that comes with a lack of community—makingRead MoreEbola Emergency Response Strategy Analysis1279 Words   |  6 PagesEbola Emergency Response Strategy Introduction Community is an interconnected group of persons living in a given locality. Communities have identical social pattern. Public health awareness is an aggregate obligation of the entire society. Ebola can be managed by the assertion that the community holds that they are together and have been hit by a common catastrophe (Winkworth 5). Community can be organised into well-defined groups in order as to achieve the health objective. The use of LaveracksRead MoreAbstract. This Paper Will Share Some Steps Towards A Proposal1720 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract This paper will share some steps towards a proposal for a diabetes prevention program (DPP) Model. For many years, the medical community has struggled with questions about the implementation of a diabetes prevention program to offset the growing need to curb the increasing diabetes epidemic of children and adolescent in the Queens community. With ample evidence, the Kick-Start program will be helpful in preventing or delaying the onset of full-blown diabetes and helping those at risk; itRead MoreThe History Of Community Television In Colombia1194 Words   |  5 PagesFrom illegal consumers to legal producers of community. Community TV in Colombia 1997-2007. Big satellite dishes cover the roofs of several community centers in city neighborhoods and towns in Colombia. Their visibility is a monument of a moment in history in which these devices accelerated the access to international media contents, years before the privatization of television distribution in the country. 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It is those differences that are the framework for what any given community regards as normal and appropriate when it pertains to parenting practices. These norms set the standards as to when and how parents should seek help from others as well. ParentingRead MoreThe Vision And Mission Of Ankur Yuva Chetna Shivir2249 Words   |  9 Pagesindividual dreams into a collective consciousness through community convergence and participatory approach with the tools of self as well as social awareness; we endeavour to help the community understand how to convert its latent dreams into reality. The vision and mission of ANKUR YUVA CHETNA SHIVIR IS: ‘HELPING PEOPLE TO HELP THEMSELVES’ PROJECT MUSKAAN ActionAid and Unicef collaborated together for the first project on Establishing Community Based Grievance Redressal Mechanism in two districts

Essay on A Chilling Perspective in Truman Capotes In...

A Chilling Perspective in Capotes In Cold Blood Truman Capotes In Cold Blood is the story of Perry and Dick and the night of November 15, 1959. This investigative, fast-paced and straightforward documentary provides a commentary on the nature of American violence and examines the details of the motiveless murders of four members of the Clutter family and the investigation that led to the capture, trial, and execution of the killers. While reading Truman Capotes novel,In Cold Blood , I spent more than one night lying awake in my bed, frightened by Capotes presentation of the facts surrounding the murder of an obscure Kansas farmer and three of his family members. Several times, I caught myself wondering why this book†¦show more content†¦This draws the reader closer to the men than they would, perhaps, like to be. Capote talks about the lives of both killers previous to the murders in fairly significant detail. In the case of Perry Smith, his parents divorced early in his childhood and neither his mother nor father really wanted him. This produced feelings of abandonment and uselessness early on in Perry and affected the rest of his life. Capote brings up a letter written to the Kansas State Penitentiary about Perry by Perrys father, who was trying to have Perry paroled for a previous crime he had committed. Perry says that this biography always set racing a series of emotions--self pity in the lead, love and hate evenly at first, the latter ultimately pulling ahead (130). Perry didnt feel as though his father ever knew him very well, or even wanted to know him. He says, whole sections of my Dad was ignorant of. Didnt understand an iota of...I had this great natural musical ability. Which Dad didnt recognize. Or care about...I never got any encouragement from him or anybody else (133). When Pe rrys father threw him out of the house one evening because his father could no longer afford to have Perry live with him, Perry lost his sense of direction in life. He even saysShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Truman Capote s Cold Blood 1542 Words   |  7 PagesIn his 1965 novel In Cold Blood, Truman Capote chronicles the murder of the wealthy Clutter family and the subsequent capture and trial of their killers, Dick Hickock and Perry Smith. The events of the book play out over a period of nearly six years, from the crime’s conception to the execution of the murderers, supplemented by Capote’s numerous interviews with living members of the Clutter family, their neighbors, their murderers, and the detectives on the case. It is widely regarded as the first

Osteogenesis Imperfecta Essay Example For Students

Osteogenesis Imperfecta Essay Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a rare genetic disorder of collagen synthesis associated with broad spectrum of musculoskeletal problems, most notably bowing and fractures of the extremities, muscle weakness, laxity in the ligaments, and spinal deformities.(Binder, 386). Other collagen-containing skeletal tissues, such as the sclerae, the teeth, and the heart valves are also affected to a variable degree. OI has a common feature of bony fragility associated with defective formation of collagen by osteoblasts and fibroblasts(Smith, 1983, 13). This disease, involving defective development of the connective tissues, is usually the result of the autosomal dominant gene, but can also be the result of the autosomal recessive gene. Spontaneous mutations are common and the clinical presentation of the disease remains to be quite broad (Binder, 386). OI is most commonly referred to as brittle bones,† but other names include: fragilitas ossium, hypolasia of the mesenchyme, and osteopsath yrosis. Osteogenesis imperfecta is still not completely understood, and while there has been advances in diagnosing the disease, treatment is still limited. We will write a custom essay on Osteogenesis Imperfecta specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Osteogenesis imperfecta is the result of mutations in the genes that code for type I collagen. In the mild dominantly inherited form of OI (type I), a non-functional allele for the alpha 1 (I) chain halves collagen synthesis, (Smith, 1995, 169) and is largely responsible for the inheritance. Single base mutations in the codon for glycine causes lethal (type II) OI by wrecking the formation of the collagen triple helix. Types III and IV are the less dramatic outcomes of similar glycine mutations in either the alpha 1 (I) or the alpha 2(I) chains (Smith, 169). The clinical signs can be caused from defective osteoblastic activity and defective mesenchymal collagen (embryonic connective tissue) and its derivatives, such as sclerae, bones, and ligaments. The reticulum fails to differentiate into mature collagen or the collagen develops abnormally. This causes immature and coarse bone formation and thinning (Loeb, 755). The signs and symptoms of OI vary greatly depending on the type. The most commonly used classification is the Sillence (type I to IV). Type I is the mildest form of OI and is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. The sclerae (middle coat of eyeball) is distinctly blue. Type I is broken down into IA and IB the difference being whether dentinogenesis is present. IA has a life expectancy nearly the same as the general public. The physical activity is limited, and may appear to have no disability at all. The bones have a mottled or worm like appearance, forming small islands (Isselbacher, 2111). Type II is lethal in utero or shortly there afterbirth. The survivors live from just a few hours to several months. The karyotypes of parents are usually normal. This type is broken down into three subgroups: IIA is characterized by a broad, crumpled femora and continuos rib beading, IIB by minimal to no rib fractures, and IIC by a thin femora and ribs with extensive fracturing. While in the uterus, there is poor fetal movement, low fetal weight, poor ossification of the fetal skeleton, hypoplastic lungs, the long bones of the upper and lower limbs are shortened or deformed, and the head is soft. Intrauterine fractures occur, and death is usually from intracranial hemorrhaging due to vessel fragility or respiratory distress from pulmonary hypoplasia. The bones and other tissues are extremely fragile, and massive injuries occur in utero or delivery. The ribs appear beaded or broken and the long bones crumpled (Isselbacher, 2111). Type III and IV is intermediate in severity between typ es I and II. Type III differs from I in its greater severity and from IV in that it increases in severity with age. It can be inherited as either an autosomal recessive or dominant trait. The sclerae is only slightly bluish in infancy and white in adulthood, although the average life expectancy is 25 years. Type IV is always dominant. With types III and IV multiple fractures from minor physical stress occurs leading to progressive and severe deformities. Kyphoscoliosis (curvature of the spine) may cause respiratory impairment and predisposition to pulmonary infections. Popcorn-like deposits of mineral appear on the ends of long bones (Isselbacher, 2111). The symptoms of OI (types I, III, and IV) can appear when the child begins to walk, and decreases with age. The tendency of bone fracture decreases and often disappears after puberty. Later in life, particularly during pregnancy and after menopause, more fractures occur. The bones are usually slender with short, thin cortices and tr abeculae (fibers of framework), but can also be unusually thin (Smith, 1983, 136). Narrow diaphysis of the long bones increases the number of fractures and bowing deformities. Scoliosis is common. The haversian cells are poorly developed. The bones lack minerals needed to form bone matrix. Epiphyseal fractures (end of the bone) results in deformities and stunted growth (dwarfism). Osteopenia, the decrease in bone mass, is symptomatic. .uc165a1d28f65be786aa7c679d2796139 , .uc165a1d28f65be786aa7c679d2796139 .postImageUrl , .uc165a1d28f65be786aa7c679d2796139 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc165a1d28f65be786aa7c679d2796139 , .uc165a1d28f65be786aa7c679d2796139:hover , .uc165a1d28f65be786aa7c679d2796139:visited , .uc165a1d28f65be786aa7c679d2796139:active { border:0!important; } .uc165a1d28f65be786aa7c679d2796139 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc165a1d28f65be786aa7c679d2796139 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc165a1d28f65be786aa7c679d2796139:active , .uc165a1d28f65be786aa7c679d2796139:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc165a1d28f65be786aa7c679d2796139 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc165a1d28f65be786aa7c679d2796139 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc165a1d28f65be786aa7c679d2796139 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc165a1d28f65be786aa7c679d2796139 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc165a1d28f65be786aa7c679d2796139:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc165a1d28f65be786aa7c679d2796139 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc165a1d28f65be786aa7c679d2796139 .uc165a1d28f65be786aa7c679d2796139-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc165a1d28f65be786aa7c679d2796139:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Effect of agriculture on our environment EssayOther signs of OI include hyperextensibility of the joints (double-jointedness) and abnormally thin almost translucent skin. Discolored (blue-gray or yellow-brown) and malformed teeth which break easily and are cavity prone are found in most patients. Patients with OI have a triangular-shaped head and face, a bilaterally bulging skull, and prominent eyes with a wide distance between the temporal region (Loeb, 755). Hearing loss by the age of 30-40 is the result of the pressure on the auditory nerve due to the deformity of its canal in the skull. Recurrent epistaxis (nosebleeds), bruising and edema (especially at the sight of fractures), difficulty tolerating high temperatures and mild hyperpyrexia are other symptoms. Thoracic deformities may impair chest expansion and the ability to effectively breath deeply and cough (Loeb, 755). Patients are also more susceptible to infection. In assessing a patient data is needed about the genetic history and birth of the child, as well as a complete development assessment from birth. Vital signs are taken, and periods of increased heart and respiratory rate and elevated body temperature are noteworthy. Skin should be examined for color, elasticity, translucency, and signs of edema and bruising. A description of position and appearance of a childs trunk and extremities and facial characteristics should be noted. The height of the child in terms of expected growth, signs of scoliosis or laxity of ligaments and range of motion of the joints are all important. Sight and hearing should be tested since there are sensory problems associated with OI. The appearance of the sclerae and tympanic membranes and defects of primary teeth and gums are important (Jackson, 1699). X-rays usually reveal a decrease in bone density. There is no consensus, however, as to whether the diagnosis can be made by microscopy of bone specimens. (Issel bacher, 2112) DNA sequencing and incubating skin fiboblasts are two ways help diagnose OI. Prenatal ultrasonography is used to detect severely affected fetuses at about 16 weeks of pregnancy. Diagnosis of the lethal type II by ultrasound during the second trimester of pregnancy is by the identification of fractures of the long bones. Compression of the fetal head is seen by ultrasound probe, and low echogeneity of the cranium can be signs of skeletal dysplasia (faulty development of the tissues). Diagnosis is confirmed by postmortem examination including biochemical studies of cultivated fibroblasts from the fetus (Berge, 321). Diagnosis by analyzing DNA sequencing can be carried out in chronic villa biopsies at 8-12 weeks. There is no known treatment of OI at this time. Treatment therefore is predominantly supportive and educational. Because of multiple fractures and bruising, it is important to diagnose this disease in order to prevent accusations of child abuse. Treatment of frac tures is often challenging because of abnormal bone structure and laxity of the ligaments. Splinting devices are used to stabilize the bones and to protect against additional fractures. Treatment aims to prevent deformities through use of traction and/or immobilization in order to aid in normal development and rehabilitation. Limb deformities and repeated fractures can be corrected by inserting telescoping rods that elongate with growth. After surgical placement of the rods, extensive post-operative care is required because greater amounts of blood and fluid are lost (Loeb, 755). It should be noted that the healing of fractures appear to be normal (Isselbacher, 2112). Braces, immobilizing devices and wheelchairs are necessary. Physical therapy is important in the treatment of OI. Bone fracture density in a unfractured bone is decreased when compared with age-matched controls due to limited exercise, so it is essential to stay as active as possible. Physical therapy is also used for strengthening muscle and preventing disuse fractures with exercises with light resistance, such as swimming. Regular dental visits are necessary to monitor the teeth. Monitoring by opthalmol-ogists for vision and audiologists for hearing is also essential. Radiologists need to examine the structure and density of the bones, and an orthopedist is needed to set fractures and take care of other bone-related problems. Counseling and emotional support is needed for both the patient and the family. It is important not to limit a child because of his/her disabilities, and to realize that many victims of this disease live successful lives. Debrah Morris, a successful business woman, and active fighter for disability rights and helping other patients of OI, says, If I had the choice to be anyone in the world, I would be exactly who I am. The people I have met, the challenges I have faced, the opportunities that I have been presented all are directly related to dealing with being a little person with brittle bones. (Kasper, 53) Many of the symptoms of OI can be confused with those of a battered child . X-rays are used to show evidence of old fractures and bone deformities to distinguish the difference. The Osteogenesis Imperfecta Foundation (OIF) has is a national support group that offers assistance to families in this position and to increase public awareness. The OIF has a medical advisory council, chapters, support groups, regional meetings, biennial national conferences, and parent contacts to help families feeling alone and helpless. They also publish a newsletter, provide literature and videos about OI, and sponsor a fund to support research. Magnesium oxide can be administered to decrease the fracture rate, as well as hyperpyrexia and constipation associated with this condition (Anderson, 1127). A high-protein, high-carbohydrate, high-vitamin diet is needed to promote healing. A growth hormone has also been administered during childhood, and is shown to substantially increase growth. Treatment with bisphosphorates and related agents has been discussed to decrease bone lo ss, but no controlled studies have been done (Isselbacher, 2113). .u9db4ebd3026535a6a4e825121c9cb547 , .u9db4ebd3026535a6a4e825121c9cb547 .postImageUrl , .u9db4ebd3026535a6a4e825121c9cb547 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9db4ebd3026535a6a4e825121c9cb547 , .u9db4ebd3026535a6a4e825121c9cb547:hover , .u9db4ebd3026535a6a4e825121c9cb547:visited , .u9db4ebd3026535a6a4e825121c9cb547:active { border:0!important; } .u9db4ebd3026535a6a4e825121c9cb547 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9db4ebd3026535a6a4e825121c9cb547 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9db4ebd3026535a6a4e825121c9cb547:active , .u9db4ebd3026535a6a4e825121c9cb547:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9db4ebd3026535a6a4e825121c9cb547 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9db4ebd3026535a6a4e825121c9cb547 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9db4ebd3026535a6a4e825121c9cb547 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9db4ebd3026535a6a4e825121c9cb547 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9db4ebd3026535a6a4e825121c9cb547:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9db4ebd3026535a6a4e825121c9cb547 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9db4ebd3026535a6a4e825121c9cb547 .u9db4ebd3026535a6a4e825121c9cb547-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9db4ebd3026535a6a4e825121c9cb547:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Religion bible1 EssaySince there is no cure for osteogenesis imperfecta, appropriate and properly timed rehabilitation intervention is of the utmost importance to ensure that the child is able to function to the best of his/her ability in society. A ten-year study that was submitted in 1992 proves this. 25 of 115 children with severe OI were observed since birth or infancy at the National Institutes of Health, MD and the Skeletal Dysplasia Clinic at the Childrens National Medical Center in D.C. One was Type I, two Type II, nine Type III, and thirteen Type IV. They were classified by physical characteristics and functional capacity:Group A consisted of those who were severe ly dwarfed with large heads and marked bowing , contractures, and weakness of extremities. The highest functional skill expected was independent sitting. Group B was growth deficient, but with a normal sized head. Femoral bowing, scoliosis, and contractures of the hip flexors were characteristics. they were expected to stand and/or ambulate with braces. Group C was less growth deficient, and had good strength, but poor endurance. They had marked joint laxity and poorly aligned lower extremity joints, but were ambulators (Binder, 386-387). Group A patients were the most severely involved. Most were basically sitters. The majority was totally dependent in their self-care. Group B had the potential to become at least short-distance ambulators. These patients had acquired the ability to move to sitting, but had transitional moving problems, such as sitting to standing. All were partially independent in their self-care. Group C had antigravity strength and 50% had good strength in their extremities. All were physically active and age-appropriately independent, but none were good long-distance walkers (Binder, 387-388). Progressive rehabilitation of these groups all included posture exercises and active range of motion and strengthening exercises. Group B had additional ROM and posture exercises, as well as developmental exercises. Group C added coordination activities (Binder, 388). Conclusion, Management of patients with OI should address the childs functional needs. Even though the degree of disability may be severe, management should not be limited to orthopedic procedures and bracing. Treatment planning should be considered, but not totally based on genetic, anatomical, and biochemical abnormalities. Our experience suggests that clinical grouping based in part on functional potential can be useful in the appropriate management of children with OI(Binder, 390). Independence was stressed in this study, and even patients with limited sitting ability, upper extremity function can be improved to at least minimal independence in self-help skills. Potential ambulators should be helped because, although their ability might not progress past indoor ambulation, walking will make them more independent and may result in increased bone mineralization. Poor joint alignment, poor balance, and low endurance can all be improved with persistent, individualized physical and oc cupational therapy. For best results, therapy should be started as soon after birth as possible. Mainstreaming school-aged children is also important. All of this together leads to age-appropriate social development and markedly improved independence and quality of life in the majority of patients(Binder, 390). Osteogenesis imperfecta is the most common genetic disorder of the bone. It occurs in about 1 in 20,000 live births, and is equally prevalent in all races and both sexes. The Type I OI has a population frequency of about 1 in 30,000. Type II has a birth incidence of about 1 in 60,000. Types III and IV are less common and may be as high as 1 in 20,000 (Isselbacher, 2111). The occurrence of OI in families with no history or blue sclerae is about 1 in 3,000,000 births (Smith, 1995, 171). The recurrence risks in families is estimated to be 6 to 10%, but is only estimated because most couples choose not to have any more children. 15 to 20% of patients with OI do not carry the gene for abnormal collagen, making many wonder if there is yet another genetic problem undiagnosed at this time (Smith, 1995, 172). Science Essays

Transplant Tourism as an aspect of Medical Tourism

One of the most prominent controversies, associated with the realities of a Globalized/post-industrial living, is the rise of a so-called ‘medical tourism’, which is being commonly defined as, â€Å"The movement of patients across international borders for medical care that is more expensive or less accessible at home† (Connell, 2011, p. 260).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Transplant Tourism as an aspect of Medical Tourism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The reason why this type of tourism continues to spark public controversies is that it is believed to contribute to the process of Medicare becoming increasingly commercialized, which in turn presupposes the lessened adequacy of healthcare services, provided to those patients that rely on Medicare’s public sector. Moreover, medical tourism is being commonly referred to as such that contributes to the rise of global socio-eco nomic inequalities, as it results in making high quality healthcare services less accessible to ordinary citizens in the countries where this tourism thrives. As it was pointed out by Godwin (2004), â€Å"Since the care offered by medical corporations (that specialize in medical tourism) is far beyond the reach of even the domestic middle class, leave alone the poor, the beneficiaries can only be the ‘creamy layer’ of the economy which will further worsen the health inequality in the country† (p. 3983). At the same time, however, the very concept of medical tourism appears being thoroughly consistent with the qualitative essence of Globalization, as a process concerned with the free-market economies’ functioning becoming ever more efficient, which in turn results in more and more people growing to perceive their ability to enjoy healthiness in terms of a commercial commodity. Nowadays, medical tourism is being increasingly associated with a so-called †˜transplant tourism’, which is being commonly defined as the process of Western patients travelling internationally (most commonly, to the countries of Second and Third World), in order to undergo transplant-surgeries in privately owned clinics. There are two major contributing factors to the rise of this particular form of medical tourism: the fact that in Western countries, there is an acute shortage of donor-organs, and the fact that undergoing transplant-surgeries abroad often proves to be substantially less expensive.Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Just as it is being the case with medical tourism, transplant tourism continues to spark public controversies, due to the fact that, as of today, the concept of transplant tourism is often perceived as being synonymous to the notion of ‘organ trafficking’. According to Budiani-Saberi and Delmo nico (2008), â€Å"Transplant Tourism has become a connotation for organ trafficking. The United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS), recently defined transplant tourism as ‘the purchase of a transplant organ abroad that includes access to an organ while bypassing laws, rules, or processes of any or all countries involved’† (p. 926). Nevertheless, given the fact that, as time goes on, more and more Western patients express their willingness to become ‘transplant tourists’, it would be only logical, on our part, to discuss transplant tourism in terms of a discursively ambivalent concept, the practical manifestations of which are being equally capable of emanating ‘negativity’, on the one hand, and ‘positivity’, on the other. In my paper, I will aim to substantiate the validity of this thesis at length. Introduction/Thesis statement It is now being estimated that in 2007, at least 100.000 Britons sought health care services abroa d. The number of Americans that traveled abroad for the same purpose in the year 2008 amounted to 750.000 – while outside of U.S., they have spent on medicinal services close to $2 billion (Reisman, 2010). According to the same author, â€Å"Exports of health services worldwide doubled between 1997 and 2003. They increased worldwide ten times faster than foreign earnings from tourism and five times faster than global exports of services† (p. 3). Essentially the same dynamics are being observed within the context of what accounts for the qualitative essence of today’s organ-transplantation practices. For example, according to the statistical information, provided by World Health Organization (WHO), throughout 2005 there have been 66.000 kidneys, 21.000 livers and 6000 hearts transplanted from donors to organ-recipients worldwide, with 10% of transplantation surgeries having been performed on Western ‘transplant tourists’.Advertising We will writ e a custom research paper sample on Transplant Tourism as an aspect of Medical Tourism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More By the year 2010, the percentage of transplantation-surgeries, performed on ‘transplant tourists’, has doubled. (Biggins et al., 2009). As of today, the most popular transplant tourism’s destinations are: Israel, China, India, Phillipines and Pakistan. In its turn, this can be explained by the fact that in these countries, the functioning of national Medicare systems is being largely deregulated. In its turn, this created a number of prerequisites for the privatized sectors of these systems to grow progressively larger. And, as it is being the case with the owners of just about any commercial enterprise, the owners of private transplantation-clinics in these countries are being naturally predisposed to regard their businesses’ foremost operational task as such that is being solely concerned with providing them with the opportunity to generate financial profits. Such an opportunity naturally derives out of the fact that, in the earlier mentioned countries people’s lives continue to drop in value, due to the factor of overpopulation and the factor of the quality of local living standards continuing to diminish. In its turn, this creates objective preconditions for impoverished locals to consider selling their internal organs for money. After all, as it was mentioned earlier, the very realities of today’s living naturally cause people to regard their healthiness as nothing short of a commercial commodity, which can be purchased or sold, â€Å"Proponents of commercial markets in organ transplants argue that poor individuals should be free to sell kidneys. They should be ‘at liberty’ to choose between the risks associated with selling a kidney and the risks of keeping two kidneys while remaining impoverished† (Turner, 2009, p. 193).Adverti sing Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Given the fact that ordinary citizens (especially the ones from the rural regions) in such countries as China, India, Pakistan or Philippines rarely make more than $5-$10 per day, it makes a perfectly logical sense for them to think about selling their internal organs for money. After having been paid $15.000 for allowing its kidney to be surgically removed, a particular impoverished Pakistani, for example, will not only have enough money to enjoy a comparative prosperity until the end of its life, but he or she will also be able to provide a financial assistance to its numerous children and relatives. On their part, Western ‘transplant patients’ are able to benefit from the availability of donor-organs in the Third World countries, as well. This is because this availability naturally causes prices on donor-organs to remain comparatively affordable, â€Å"For example, hip replacement surgery, which normally costs around $25,000 in the United States, can be performed fo r $5,000 in India. Heart valve replacement surgery, which costs around $200,000 in the United States, costs $10,000 in India† (Sengupta, 2011, p. 312). Nevertheless, it would be quite inappropriate to refer to the rise of transplant tourism as solely the consequence of global inequalities between people in the Second/Third World, on the one hand, and people in the First World, on the other, continuing to become ever more acute. Apparently, one of the major contributing factor to the growing popularity of transplant tourism is the fact that, as compared to what it is being the case in Western countries, which during the course of last few decades were growing increasingly Socialist, in countries that are being considered the most attractive transplant tourism’s destinations (with the exception China), there are simply no armies of useless but resource-consuming ‘medicinal bureaucrats’ in existence. In its turn, this significantly simplifies the bureaucratic procedures, concerned with potential donors providing a legal consent for the removal of their internal organs and with surgeons obtaining an official ‘go ahead’ to perform the transplantation surgery on a particular Western patient. For example, while in their own countries, Western patients are being often required to wait for transplants to become available for as long as 5-10 years. However, while in such countries as China, India or Philippines, they can well expect the required transplantation surgery to be performed on them within a matter of few months, or even weeks (Rhodes Schiano, 2010). Thus, there can be few doubts to the fact that, as it was implied in the Introduction, the emergence of transplant tourism was dialectically predetermined by the very course of a historical progress. And, as it has always been the case with just about every newly emerged socio-cultural practice, transplant tourism can be simultaneously discussed in both: positive and negativ e lights. Analytical part The provided earlier background information, in regards to transplant tourism and in regards to what can be considered the foremost motivational factors, behind the process of Western patients deciding in favor of undergoing transplantation surgeries abroad, allows me to outline transplant tourism’s positive and negative aspects as follows: Background information A.  Transplant tourism allows Western middle-class citizens to save considerably on applying for a number of different transplantation operations. For example, in Philippines, Western patients are able to acquire the ‘new kidney’ for as low as $25.000 (Turner, 2009). Comparing to what are the average prices for kidney transplantation operations in Western countries, this price can be well defined as laughable. B.  Transplant tourism often provides Western patients with the only life-saving opportunity, because by becoming ‘transplant tourists’, they no longer ne ed to wait years and years, before much needed organ-transplantation surgeries are being performed on them. Given the fact that in Western countries it would prove rather impossible to find individuals who would be willing to trade their internal organs for money, and also the fact that procedures, concerned with obtaining organ-donating consents from the relatives of deceased people are being utterly bureaucratized, it comes as not a particular surprise that many citizens on organ-waiting lists die, even before they get a chance to have transplantation surgeries performed on them. Yet, for as long as Western patients have the required amount of cash in their pockets, they now have the opportunity to undergo such surgeries in the countries of Third/Second world, without having to deal a number of time-consuming bureaucratic procedures. Positive/Negative aspects of transplant tourism A.  While abroad, for the purpose of undergoing transplantation surgeries, Western ‘transpla nt tourists’ can never be 100% guaranteed that donor-organs, which will be transplanted in them, were obtained legally/ethically. The validity of this statement becomes especially self-evident, in regards to what appear to be the realities of transplant tourism in such countries as China, Philippines or Pakistan, for example. As it was noted by Saberi Delmonico (2008), â€Å"In 2006, 11 000 transplants were performed in China from executed prisoners† (p. 927). This, of course, represents a big issue for particularly sensitive Western patients. Yet, as practice shows, such their sensitivity disappears rather quickly, once they are being faced with the option of whether to remain moral but dead, or immoral but alive. B.  In countries with traditionally poor hygienic standards, such as Pakistan, China and Philippines, Western patients face the increased risk of having donor-organs rejected by their immune system. The factor of uncleanliness exposes local organ-donors t o the particularly acute health-risk, as well. As it was pointed out by Turner (2009), â€Å"When (transplantation) operations are conducted in unhygienic facilities†¦ and when organ sellers return to polluted, hazardous social environments, removal of a kidney puts individuals at increased risk of health problems† (p.194). In its turn, this explains why Western ‘transplant tourists’ are not being utterly thrilled about the prospect of having to undergo complex surgeries in countries, where the majority of locals do not think that there might be anything wrong about them living in their own filth, in quite literal sense of this word. Conclusion One of the most peculiar characteristics of transplant tourism is the fact that, even though that well-established Western physicians tend to refer to it in strongly negative terms, largely on the account of what they perceive as such tourism’s ‘ethical inappropriateness’, it nevertheless becomes p rogressively popular with more and more Western patients. This simply could not be otherwise, because as it was mentioned earlier, the functioning of Western Medicare systems has long ago ceased being thoroughly reflective of patients’ actual needs. This is why many of them simply do not have any other choice but to travel abroad, even when such a simple procedure as the replacement of the tooth’s filling is being concerned. Apparently, it matters very little for Western patients where their health-related problems would be taken care of, for as long as get what they need quickly and for the reasonable price. We can say that the growing popularity of transplant tourism provides yet additional confirmation to the conceptual validity of the foremost theoretical principle, upon which the free-market economy’s proper functioning is being based – for as long as there is a demand, there will always be a proposition. Therefore, it will only be logical, on my par t, to conclude this paper by suggesting that, in the very near future transplant tourism will attain a fully legitimate discursive status. I believe that this conclusion is being thoroughly consistent with the paper’s initial thesis. References Biggins, S. et al. (2009). Transplant tourism to China: The impact on domestic patient-care decisions. Clinical Transplantation. 23 (6), 831-838. Budiani-Saberi, B. Delmonico, F. (2008). Organ trafficking and transplant tourism: A commentary on the global realities. American Journal of Transplantation, 8, 925-929. Connell, J. (2011). A new inequality? Privatization, urban bias, migration and  medical tourism. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 52 (3), 260-271. Godwin, S. (2004). Medical tourism: Subsidizing the rich. Economic and Political  Weekly, 39 (36), 3981-3983. Rhodes, R. Schiano, D. (2010). The dilemma and reality of transplant tourism:  An ethical perspective for liver transplant programs. Liver Transplantation, 16 (2), 113-117. Reisman, D. (2010). Health tourism: Social welfare through international trade.  Northampton, U.S. Edward Elgar Publishing. Sengupta, A. (2011). Medical tourism: Reverse subsidy for the elite. Signs:  Journal of Women in Culture Society, 36 (2), 312-319. Turner, L. (2009). Commercial organ transplantation in the Philippines.  Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics Journal. 18 (2), 192-196. This research paper on Transplant Tourism as an aspect of Medical Tourism was written and submitted by user Anderson Snider to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Macroeconomics Essay Example

Macroeconomics Essay Macroeconomics Name: Course: Date: We will write a custom essay sample on Macroeconomics specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Macroeconomics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Macroeconomics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Macroeconomics The United States federal government strives to improvise and provide economic policies that are beneficial for the growth of a healthy American economy. An economic policy that proves to be advantageous to one segment in the society can prove to be injurious on another segment. This can be illustrated by the relationship encompassing policies for unemployment and inflation. For instance, increasing interest rates in order to decrease inflation in an economy augments difficulty for businesses to obtain capital for expansion purposes. Such purposes enable the business to employ more workers. Thus by increasing the interest rates, unemployment will increase. Lowering the interest rates creates inflation due to increased spending. This, in turn, devalues employees’ salaries because of the rise in prices. In order to affect the economy positively, it is valid to create efficient economic policies. Part 1 To preserve a sturdy economy, there are policy goals that require to be adhered. These policy goals include stable prices, economic growth and full employment. Regarding stable prices, the economy should be characterized by an optimal level of prices for goods and services. However, most economies have experienced a shift in the stability of prices. The most common shift of prices is inflation. This is when the prices for products and services rise sharply further reducing the value for money. This causes an increase in costs of goods. Economic growth is indicated by the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The GDP is the value of the total output of products and services in the country in dollars. A flourishing economy can possess a GDP growth rate of 4 percent. Full employment cannot be achieved since there are various reasons that arise to unemployment that cannot be controlled. However, an unemployment rate of 4 percent is less is denoted as full employment (Carlberg, 2008). Hence, it is understandable why the federal government maintains its GDP at 3 percent. In the case involving the country being in a stage of high unemployment, zero interest rates, inflation at 2 percent per annum and a GDP of less than 2 percent, it is necessary to incorporate economic policies that will maintain the country in a thriving state. These policies involve the fiscal policy and the monetary policy. Fiscal policy involves the utilization of taxation and government expenditure to change the economy. Hence, the main tools used in invoking fiscal policies in the economy are expenditure and taxation (Kopcke, Tootell Triest, 2006). Monetary policy involves the control of money supply in the economy. This duty is usually performed by monetary authorities such as the Federal Reserve. This policy usually involves promotion of escalation and stability of an economy by targeting interest rates (Fender, 2012). In such an illustrated economic environment characterized by zero interest rates and a marginal of less than 2 percent GDP growth, it is a requirement to implement fiscal and monetary policies that will stimulate economic growth. Therefore, as president, I would recommend the use of fiscal policies. In this case, the fiscal policies will be used to reduce taxes imposed on small and medium enterprises, as well as households. This is because they are the main drive for the economy. This can be further indicated by the fact that the small and medium enterprises avail more employment than large and multinational companies. Hence, there will be an increase in employment, which will lead to a reduced multiplier effect due to increased income circulation among employees (Kopcke, Tootell Triest, 2006). Moreover, I will introduce tax rebates and inducements to the large corporations that are in partnership with the businesses. This move will increase confidence among consumers and amplify ag gregate expenditures within the private sector. As the Chairman of the Federal Reserve, I would employ efficient monetary policies specifically targeting the interest rates. This is because interest rates affect the productivity of the economy since they define unemployment. Additionally, an expansionary monetary policy can be used to lower interest rates in order to avail credit to businesses hence increase employment. Thus by maintaining a zero percent interest rate, people would be able to obtain credit for growth of businesses. The increased employment in turn increases the GDP rate because Okun’s Law states that, for every decrease in unemployment, the GDP increases thrice. Moreover, I would lower rates for the acquisition of funds from the Federal Reserve (Sexton, 2002). This strategy will encourage the banks to borrow finances from the federal banks. Moreover, the action will enable the banks to possess and avail more liquid cash for enterprises and private loans for the unemployed and underemployed. The positive effects of these actions revolve around the effects of the policies on consumption. This is because by using the fiscal policies to reduce tax rates; there will be an increase in the purchasing power since there will be an increase in small and medium enterprises, which will have an increased demand for money. This, in turn, will increase consumption. Moreover, the increased consumption of goods and services will increase the supply of money in the economy. Additionally, an increase in businesses avails more employment thus lowering the unemployment rate in the economy in the short run (Carlberg, 2008). Moreover, the positive effects of such policies will lead to the relocation of revenues to the private sector from the government. This is attributed to the low rates of income taxes. This is because of the reduction of taxes on households and small businesses. Hence, the fiscal policy adapted will establish control of revenues by the private sector, which have better man agement of funds, and revenues when compared to the private sector. The negative effects of the policies are based on the effect of the actions on the amount of revenue the government will receive. Indeed, there will be reduced revenue for the government. This is attributed by revenue transfer from the public to the private sector. Moreover, the government is heavily dependent on the revenue received from taxation. Therefore, the reduction in taxes accorded to small enterprises will decrease the revenue the government receives from taxation of the businesses. Furthermore, the decrease in income taxes also lowers revenue taxed on employees. The increase in unemployment in the end will be a negative effect on the government. This is because the decrease in the rate of employment will lead to increased money circulation, which will eventually lead to an increase in spending. The increase in spending will lead to inflation. According to the Philips Curve, the lower the unemployment rate of an economy, the faster the payment of labor wages in the economy (Carlberg, 2008). This eventually leads to inflation since demand for products and services overlaps the supply causing producers to increase the prices to restrict the purchase which increase the costs of production. The trade off resulting from the employment of the specific policies in contrast with other monetary and fiscal policies is the amount of time taken for implementation. This is because such policies will take longer time to implement. The reason for this is attributed to the novelty of such measures as compared to the commonly used policies the federal government implements. Despite the delay in the implementation of such measures, in the economy, it is important to recognize the positive effect of the measures since they will lead to the lowering of the unemployment rate, the increase in the rate of GDP, the increase in income circulation in the economy attributed to increased businesses and purchasing power and ease of credit access for potential borrowers. Moreover, since inflation is low, households will experience minimal difficulty utilizing their wealth to purchase products and services. It will probably take a considerable amount of time to gain an increase in spending and a decrease in unemployment. Part 2 The debt to GDP ratio indicates an economy’s health. It refers to the measure of the federal debt of the country in relation with the gross domestic product of the country. The comparison between the country’s debts to what the country produces reveals the country’s ability to repay the debt. The economic indicator gives a notion of the country’s ability to create future payments on what it owes. If the country were not able to repay the debt, then it would default leading to pandemonium in the household and international markets. A low debt to GDP ratio portrays large production of products and services as well as significant profits by an economy. This indicates that such an economy is able enough to repay its debts. Governments particularly aim for low debt to GDP ratios and have the ability to support themselves against risks involved by increasing debt since their economies possess a high GDP and profit margin. The inverse, a high debt to GDP ratio in dicates portrays low production and a low profit margin, which indicates the inability of the economy to repay debt and default (Frumkin, 2006). If the country has a budget deficit and carries a large debt, then it signifies that the country possesses a high debt to GDP ratio. The negative effect of a high debt to GDP ratio relies on the impact of fiscal policies in the economy. This is because an increase in the ratio is determined by government spending. The impact associated with a higher debt to GDP ratio can also be related to the impact of monetary policies in the economy. This is mainly because a high debt to GDCP ratio has a considerable impact on the interest rates. Therefore, the implications of a high debt to GDP ratio involve interest rate repercussions, increases in tax and enhanced cuts on spending (Frumkin, 2006). Regarding interest rates, the ratio will increase the interest rates of treasury bonds and indicate a higher risk. Regarding tax increases, the government will be required to increase taxes and reduce spending in order to gather finances to repay the debts. To expound further on the ratio’s impact on the interest rates, the rates replicate risk in the treasury bonds. Therefore, the higher the debt to GDP ratio, the higher the risk rate of the bonds (Frumkin, 2006). Consequently, if the Treasury bond possesses a risk rate that is high, then the government has the mandate to offer bondholders additional interest in order to receive more finances. Hence, countries with a high debt to GDP ratio are considered to possess default risk. Therefore, such countries cannot borrow cheap finances from bondholders. A high debt to GDP ratio will also increase the susceptibility of increase in taxes and cuts on spending. This is because the country with a high debt to GDP ratio bears high debt and thus will be obligated to reduce the deficit at a point. A national default can prove disastrous for the economy hence raising taxes and lowering expenditure are the common methods used to lower the ratio and fill up the budget deficit. Another impact that a high debt to GDP ratio will have on the economy is the disequilibrium of the macro economy. The equilibrium of the economy is usually attributed to the balance between aggregate demand and aggregate supply. Aggregate demand refers to the total demand for products and services at a given period and price. Aggregate supply refers to the total supply of products and services that companies plan to sell in a given period. Disequilibrium arises whereby a higher debt to GDP ratio leads to the decrease in the rate of production caused by the increase in interest rates and reduced purchasing. Additionally, low production will cause a subsequent decrease in products and services in the economy and thus lead to decreased demand. This causes macroeconomic disequilibrium in the short run (Wickens, 2008). However, in the long run aggregate demand and aggregate supply will intersect because of the decrease in production leading to low supply that will eventually lead to an in crease in prices and a decrease in demand. A high debt to GDP ratio will also lead to the redundancy of government employees and workers. This is because the government seeking to close up its budget deficit will require lowering the amount of wages it avails to its employees by laying them off. This shall lead to an increase in the unemployment rate in the economy. This can affect the business cycles of the economy and increase the fluctuations because an economy operating at high unemployment will reduce the economy from reaching short run equilibrium. In most cases, a cycle such as the debt cycle shifts credit expansion to credit contraction hence lowering the economic growth of the country resulting from decrease in private credit and an increase in recession. Therefore, by laying off workers, the government will decrease the multiplier effect on the economy since there will be no injection of new demand in the economy (Knoop, 2004). The effect of the ratio on the proposals will have an effect on the fiscal polices proposed. This is because there will be an increase in the rates of tax on income. By increasing the tax rates as a method of fiscal policy, the small enterprises and households will not be able to acquire funding from banks since the tax rates will also affect the banks, which will in turn increase their lending rates resulting from the federal banks’ directive. This will lead to unemployment because the enterprises will either lay off their workers or retain the ones they have without considering employment of other workers. The monetary policies employed will also be affected because of the high risk of interest rates on the treasury bonds. Since the government will seek to raise extensive finance to allow for the purchase of bonds, it will have to lower its expenditure in order to cater for the financing of high interest rates for the bondholders. This leads to underdevelopment of the econom y resulting from the under financing of public amenities such as infrastructure that are important for the development of the economy in terms of increase in GDP. It is important for an economy to analyze its policies efficiently and adequately to determine if they are probable enough for the development of the country. Such policies if reviewed clearly can guide a country to economic prosperity since they will be created based on achieving increased value in economic indicators such as the GDP. Moreover, the policies can aid the country in focusing on financial forecasting, which can enable it determine inflation and deflation rates and how to mitigate such unsystematic risks. References Carlberg, M. (2008). Inflation and unemployment in a monetary union. Berlin, Germany: Springer. Fender, J. (2012). Monetary policy. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley. Frumkin, N. (2006). Guide to economic indicators. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe. Knoop, T. A. (2004). Recessions and depressions: Understanding business cycles. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. Kopcke, R. W., Tootell, G. M. B., Triest, R. K. (2006). The macroeconomics of fiscal policy. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. Sexton, R. L. (2002). Exploring economics. Mason, Ohio: South-Western/Thomson Learning. Wickens, M. (2008). Macroeconomic theory: A dynamic general equilibrium approach. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Macroeconomics Essay Example Macroeconomics Essay Chapter 11 of Wholly Macro starts off by explaining the different cases of insufficient demand. The writer starts off by explaining that aggregate demand (APE) may drop because of three reasons; less household expenditure, less government purchase of domestic produce and reduction in demand of U.S products outside. Next the writer explains how recession is caused by demand. When the APE decreases and becomes less than the GDP, there is excess produce. This means supply or ASF is now more and hence funding goes towards financing the excess produce. This funding will always be equal to the supply and hence, no price adjustment is requires. This situation will ultimately force producers to reduce the people employed as well as the output. This move will again increase ASF and reduce the GDP and APE and will then affect the interest rate as well which will decrease. All this will make the three components (i.e. APE, GDP and the ASF) equal but on the other hand will generate negative economic profit. Once the prices rise and eliminate the negative profit, the prices will then become stable until the next shock change. We will write a custom essay sample on Macroeconomics specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Macroeconomics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Macroeconomics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The writer then moves on to the second cause of recession. When the ASF will fall it will cause the M x V to fall as well. This could be due to a fall in V, M or both. If the above 3 components are equal and then ASF falls, this means buyers are now short of funds and will resort to credit funding, to meet current demand. This will then cause the ASF to rise. ASF and interest rates will continue rising until ASF= APE. With demand now less than the produce, producers will need funding for excess. This will give rise to increase in ASF and interest rates until ASF equals the GDP. However, interest rates have kept on rising, and this will cause APE to become lower than the GDP. The same effects of unemployment, price adjustment etc will take effect and ultimately all three components will become equal, resulting in less employment and output, high interest rate and unchanged price. Next the writer explains how cost-push inflation causes recession. When the cost of production rises, the firms pass it on to their customers by reducing output and employment and increasing prices. Rise in prices will decrease the ASF and a fall in employment and output will reduce the GDP as a whole. As a result the demand (APE) will fall as well. During this time interest rates will start increasing causing APE to fall so that ASF and GDP can become equal. All companies cannot bear the rise in cost and some will exit the market causing equal increase in cost and prices until the cost and price are equal. This means there is no more negative profit. Now there is no need of reducing employment and output. Hence there will be no decrease causing ASF, GDP and APE to become equal. Ultimately the employment is now stable at a lower level and so is the output. Prices too are stable, but at a higher level. In other words, inflation has hit the economy. Lastly the writer says that, another problem is the growth problem. This problem occurs when GDP increases due to increased production capacity, But APE increase less than it (i.e. there is insufficient demand). The second part of the problem is funding problems. When GDP rises it does not increase the ASF (funding), however, it does increase the need of funding. APE will rise, but there is no increase in ASF, hence, credit funding will come into play. Now ASF will rise. But with this, interest rates have increased and some demand is lost. Now ASF and interest rate will rise until they equal GDP while APE will fall and continue to fall below original level of GDP. With less demand, prices will fall, some firms, not being able to bear this, will leave due to negative profit. Their leaving will reduce output and prices will rise up again to same level as before and ultimately all GDP growth will come to nothing. No demand means, cut it production and this means all the money invested i n expansion is a waste and expansion has to stop. GDP levels can no longer be maintained and the economy will go into recession. MONETARY POLICY In Chapter 12 the writer has focused on how people can manipulate the levels of employment, GDP etc by use of monetary policy. In the U.S, this is the work of the Federal Reserve System, which is independent but under authority by the Congress. The Fed’s have a number of banks under them, though owned privately. The Fed’s functions range from, regulating the money supply, to generating revenue as well as being the bank of the Federal government. The writer, then explains how monetary policy influences employment, interest rates etc. Using their policy tools the Fed’s influence the money supply and interest rates. This change in money supply causes a change in the ASF. Once the ASF is affected it alters employment, interest rate and output. In other words, change in money supply will cause all the changes and this is in the hands of the Fed’s. The writer now goes on to link the Fed’s control variables to the magnitude of money supply. By combining the formulas for money supply (M), total reserves of banks (R), monetary base (B), the cash to checking account deposit ratio (d) and the time deposit to checking account deposit ratio (t) the ultimate formula for money supply can be written as M={ (d + 1)/(d + r + r x t + w) } x B. In this formula the main thing is the B. The B is the money multiplier and hence, it will determine how much money supply is generated. Similarly the d, r, r and t are also controllable by the Fed’s and hence effect money supply. The d and t are controlled by public, but the banks, using interest can influence it. The Fed’s have control over r, r and B. The Fed’s can increase and decrease the multiplier directly by directly changing the r and r. For example if Fed’s decrease r and r, the multipliers value will increase and hence the money supply will increase too. This means the Fed’s can control the ASF .However, since all variable are not under the control of the Fed’s, and any change in them can cause ASF to change, therefore many times the Fed’s have to change their variable to correct anything they feel is not right, but was not under their control. Moving further the writers explains the three policies, via which the monetary policy is controlled by the Fed’s. The first policy is to conduct open market operations. This means they buy and sell securities. These securities are bought by the special securities dealers, who then sell them ahead. What this buying and selling does is that, it alters the magnitude of B and since B and M are related it ultimately affects M or the money supply. The next policy is to alter the reserve requirement. By altering, the checking account and time deposits requirements (i.e.   r and r) the Fed’s can dictate the money supply. However they are dependant to certain extent on the willingness of the banks. If banks don’t mind reducing the working reserve (w) this is easy, otherwise the Fed’s can increase r and r to such level that banks will be forced, because they cannot in any circumstance allow (w) to go below zero. The opposite is the case with decreasing reserve requirements. Again bank need to be willing to increase the (w). Similarly discount rate adjustment can also be used to control monetary policy. Working reserves (w) come into play here. The banks need to determine their optimum level of w, so that ultimately their interest penalty on borrowed funds does not exceed the interest earnings on extra funds. If discount rate was to rise resulting in expected interest earning loss less than penalty, banks would start to hold working reserves and this will decrease M. This tells us that discount rate does not directly affect M, but it is actually w which does. The Fed’s refer to their policy changes as tightening or easing the monetary policy. Monetary policy can be eased to increase the ASF which has fallen due to money and-credit recession, thereby saving the employment and output from going down. Similarly it can also be eased when GDP growth needs to be sustained by increasing funding. Easing of monetary policy will be effective if firstly, banks do not increase too much of their working reserve and secondly if there is a strong reaction on the demand side to reduced interest rate. The Fed’s can tighten the monetary policy to control inflation. But the problem is that this is temporary and causes output to reduce and then employment as well. Tightening policy would mean that, banks will be forced to minimize lending. The banks will then increase the interest rates. Ultimately it depends on how demand reacts to high interest rate. FISCAL POLICY After explaining the monetary policy the writers now moves on to fiscal policy in chapter 13. Fiscal policy, according to the writers consists of, firstly, automatic stabilizers. These stabilizers reduce the APE’s responsiveness to changes in the level of income or GDY, thereby reducing the drop in GDP. Among the different stabilizers are nation’s welfare programs which are run under the reservoir principle. When the income increases, taxes increase and hence the money goes in the fund and when incomes decrease these funds are then used to facilitate the low income people. Besides this, the government can also use progressive income taxes, as a method towards automatic stabilization. When income rises, people go into higher tax slabs, as a result more income in the form of taxes comes to the government. If the government does not increase its purchase and allows a surplus to build up, the growth in demand will reduce. Similarly a decrease in income will have a vice versa effect. Thus these programs are automatically being affected by level of income. In other words with less income and government grants during these times to families, the purchasing power is not hit by heavy impact and hence stabilization takes place. The next form of fiscal policy is the discretionary one. In this the Federal government alters levels of three things; current domestic output purchases and tax receipts from households and businesses. This will affect APE and thus employment levels, prices etc. To show how the federal purchases and federal tax receipts affect APE, the writer has come up with a formula for fiscal policy. Starting with the formula for APE and using symbols for change in tax receipts etc. The final formula after assuming a few figures (for explanation purpose) come to be, ΔAPE = ΔG 0.65ΔHT 0.35ΔBT. Next the writer explains what measures the government can take if it wants to set a certain level for the GDP. In other words, what the government can do to keep the change in APE equal to the excess GDP over current APE. For this purpose the government can do two things. The first is expansionary fiscal policy, which is used when, excess GDP APE 0. In this case the government could either reduce taxes of households or businesses or increase purchase of domestic products. Whatever they do, to increase the APE, ultimately the government will have to borrow, thus increasing the national debt. To avoid this, government can make a large increase in tax and at the same time direct demand away from the private sector. The government will have to consider the pros and cons of both. Next the writer tells us what restrictive fiscal policies are. In this policy federal purchases will need to be reduced as compared to tax receipts. As a result there will be a positive effect on the budget. Discretionary fiscal policy has the purpose to reduce unemployment and lower inflation etc. It does this by impacting the APE directly. In other words, it is important that the fiscal policy is carefully drafted, so that the desired effects are achieved without any problems and complications. POLICY ISSUES The fourteenth chapter is all about policy issue. The writer starts off by explaining; firstly, what problems are associated with boosting APE when expansionary monetary policy is being practiced? The first problem is inconsistency. For example, if the APE has dropped, the Fed’s can use any method to drop the interest rate as that would boost the APE back to original level. However, this will not guaranteed to work always. It is possible that the initial interest level is so low that even if it becomes zero, the corresponding increase in APE will not be enough to get it back to the original level. This would cause the need for additional measures. Hence the writer is telling us that, every time the government will have to use a combination of different measure and therefore there is no consistency. The second problem is liquidity trap. This trap is created when, the economy is facing recession. During this time, interest rates fall, unemployment increases and people lose the capacity to purchase. During this time banks struggle to give loans as businesses are not launching new projects. Those that are able to, do so at very low rates. When economy recovers those who gave loans on low rates will suffer loss. All this will bring the ASF down. However, the Fed’s cannot do anything to increase it because the fall in ASF is fast and large and is increasing all the time. All they can do during this time is to try and stop the ASF from falling. In other words the depression is reducing the effectiveness of the monetary policy. Besides this, expansionary fiscal policy can be affected by crowding out. Crowding out occurs when APEASF. If APE rises and ASF doesn’t then interest rates will go up and this will crowd out the increase. However, if ASF rises a little in response then, little bit of the increase will crowd out but not all. This means crowding out doesn’t destroy fiscal policy measures, but it does reduce its efficiency. Next the writer explains how the fiscal policy can fail by using the Ricardian Equivalence. According to it, people know that government has borrowed and in future when treasury bonds are redeemed, government will increase taxes. People, to prepare for this, will save more and purchase less and hence goal of fiscal policy to increase aggregate demand will fail. However, the writer also states that this is not the case in U.S.A. People are not increasing saving too much hence coupled with other factors fiscal policy will not fail, but will definitely lose some efficiency. Now the writer moves towards restrictive policies and how they are used to offset inflationary effects. Firstly, when the APE or ASF increase and can increase inflation, government can use restrictive policy to stop it. But that also means there will be no growth. However, when GDP goes down, government should not use restrictive policy as this is short term and hence short term solutions should be used. Next the writer says that, in case of inflation due to rise in prices, no policy should be used as it would have no effect on the inflation. If we interfere then unemployment will rise. However, the writer says, the government can control the prices; by using a tax based income policy. Using this policy the government can reduce inflation and at the same time use a demand based policy to increase employment. In the tax based income policy the government sets certain limits of average wages and price. Anyone who gets more wages or increase the price more than the official target will be required to pay a tax penalty (i.e. more tax) and similarly vice versa. This will deter people from increasing beyond official level. This way the government can control prices. Next the writer explains that if the government continues with demand based policy it will cause the economy to go through policy-induced business cycles. This means that, if that, the different economic shocks that hit the economy cause random movements in employment level, interest rates, output etc. The severity and timing of these cycles is not known and this is the danger. Moreover, once the process of cycle’s starts, it will continue and the economy will keep on getting these cycles from time to time. Next the writer explains that, the Fed’s constant switching between tightening and easing the monetary policy, which they do to counteract the effects of their previous policy change, instead of stabilizing, it destabilizes the economy because it reinforces the cycles occurring due to other sources. What they can do is that, they should use the demand based policy to reduce unemployment and use any policy, like the tax-based income policy to reduce inflation. Further the writer explains that, in order to get the right and desired interest rate there has to be a balance between monetary and fiscal policy. This can be achieved easily if one organization (for example the Fed’s), handle it. But they control only the monetary part and the fiscal policy is in the hand of the government. Hence striking the right balance and the right changes becomes a problem. Moreover, another problem is availability of the correct data and that too on time. The economy is very sensitive. Policy decisions have effects on it. If data is incorrect or late this can cause wrong decisions to be made and can result in a disaster for the economy. There is a lot of problem in the available data of the GDP, APE, ASF etc and this is causing a problem. This problem is compounded by the fact that time is wasted, before the problem is recognized. After recognizing, then they design and implement it. Hence its effects take time. Meanwhile the MCP is doing its process. Lastly the writer says that, though monetary and fiscal policies are good, but the data problems, policy lags and inability to predict the effects of economic shocks accurately are making it ineffective.

Biography of Fe del Mundo, Noted Filipino Pediatrician

Biography of Fe del Mundo, Noted Filipino Pediatrician Fe Del Mundo (Nov. 27, 1911–Aug. 6, 2011) is credited with studies that led to the invention of an improved incubator and a device to treat jaundice.  Along with pioneering work in  pediatrics, she had an active medical practice  in the Philippines that spanned eight decades and founded a major childrens hospital in that country. Fast Facts: Fe Del Mundo Known For: Conducted studies that led to the invention of an improved incubator and a device to treat jaundice. She also founded a major childrens hospital in the Philippines and created the BRAT diet.Also Known As: Fe Villanueva del Mundo, Fà © Primitiva del Mundo y VillanuevaBorn: Nov. 27, 1911 in Manila, PhilippinesParents: Paz (nà ©e Villanueva) and Bernardo del MundoDied: Aug. 6, 2011  in Quezon City, PhilippinesEducation: UP College of Medicine (original campus of the  University of the Philippines)  in  Manila (1926–1933, medical degree),  Boston University School of Medicine (Master of Science in Bacteriology, 1940), Harvard Medical Schools Childrens Hospital (1939–1941, two-year research fellowship)Published Works: Textbook of Pediatrics and Child Health (1982), she also authored more than 100 articles, reviews, and reports published in  medical journalsAwards and Honors: National Scientist of the Philippines, Elizabeth Blackwell Award for Outstan ding Service to Mankind (1966), Ramon Magsaysay Award for Outstanding Public Service (1977), named Outstanding Pediatrician and Humanitarian by the International Pediatric Association (1977)Notable Quote: â€Å"I told the Americans who wanted me to stay that I prefer to go home and help the children. I know that with my training for five years at Harvard and different medical institutions in America, I can do much.† Early Years and Education Del Mundo was born in Manila on Nov. 27, 1911. She was the sixth of eight children.  Her father Bernardo served one term in the Philippine Assembly, representing the province of  Tayabas. Three of her eight siblings died in infancy,  while an older sister died from  appendicitis  at age 11.  It was the death of her older sister, who had made known her desire to become a doctor for the poor, that pushed the young Del Mundo toward the medical profession. At age 15, Del Mundo entered the University of the Philippines and earned a medical degree with highest honors in 1933. In 1940, she received a masters degree in bacteriology from the Boston University School of Medicine. Some sources say that Del Mundo was Harvard Medical Schools first female medical student. The university itself says that is inaccurate, as Harvard did not admit female medical students at the time and there are no records of Del Mundo attending or graduating. However, Del Mundo did complete a two-year research fellowship at Harvard Medical Schools Childrens Hospital in 1941. The Angel of Santo Tomas Del Mundo returned to the Philippines in 1941. She joined the  International Red Cross  and volunteered to care for children-internees at the  University of Santo Tomas  internment camp for foreign nationals.  She established a makeshift hospice within the internment camp and became known as The Angel of Santo Tomas. After the Japanese authorities shut down the hospice in 1943, Del Mundo was asked by Manilas mayor to head a childrens hospital under the auspices of the city government. The hospital was later converted into a full-care medical center to cope with the increasing casualties during the  Battle of Manila and would be renamed the North General Hospital. Del Mundo would remain the hospitals director until 1948. Del Mundo later became the director of the Department of Pediatrics at Far Eastern University and her breakthroughs in research surrounding infant care led to commonly  practiced  methods worldwide- including the BRAT diet, which cures diarrhea. Del Mundo Opens Hospital Frustrated by the bureaucratic constraints in working for a government hospital, Del Mundo wanted to establish her own pediatric hospital. She sold her home and got a loan to finance the construction of her own hospital. The Childrens Medical Center, a 100-bed hospital located in  Quezon City, was inaugurated in 1957 as the first pediatric hospital in the Philippines. The hospital was expanded in 1966 through the establishment of an Institute of Maternal and Child Health, the first institution of its kind in  Asia. Later Years and Death Having sold her home to finance the medical center, del Mundo chose to reside on the second floor of the hospital itself. She retained her living quarters at the hospital, rising daily and continuing to make her daily rounds, even though she was wheelchair-bound in her later years. Del Mundo died at age 99 on Aug. 6, 2011,  in Quezon City, Philippines. Legacy Del Mundos accomplishments are still remembered years after her death. The hospital she founded is still open and now bears her name, the Fe Del Mundo Medical Center. In November 2018, Del Mundo was honored with a Google doodle. Under the doodle, which the search engine site displays occasionally on its home page to honor various notable individuals, Google added the caption: Del Mundos choice to specialize in pediatrics may have been shaped by the loss of 3 siblings, who died as infants during her childhood in Manila. Sources Betuel, Emma. â€Å"Fe Del Mundo, Fearless Female Doctor, Describes Her Life in Her Own Words.†Ã‚  Inverse.Chris Riotta New York chrisriotta. â€Å"Inside the Life of Fe Del Mundo, Harvard Medical Schools First Female Student.†Ã‚  The Independent, Independent Digital News and Media, 27 Nov. 2018.â€Å"Home.† Fe Del Mundo Medical Center | Hospital Quezon City, 19 Mar. 2019.â€Å"HWS: Fe Del Mundo.†Ã‚  Hobart and William Smith Collegesï » ¿Smith, Kiona N. â€Å"Tuesdays Google Doodle Honors Pediatrician Fe Del Mundo.†Ã‚  Forbes, Forbes Magazine, 27 Nov. 2018.

Teaching and Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Teaching and Education - Essay Example Therefore, more precisely put, reflective practice is an independent approach, which fosters critical thinking and in-depth understanding of concepts and ideas. Reflective practitioners derive their origin from learning proposed by Socrates that emphasizes the importance of asking questions and collecting feedback from one’s own self and others. It also stresses upon the fact that learning eventually comes from individual’s inner self and that no teacher can demonstrate the connections an individual mind makes out of a piece of knowledge and his/her own cognition better than the student him/herself. The notion of reflective practice in education is a product of studies and innovation in constructivist theories and cognitive psychology. According to this modern and much-regarded view, intelligence is a fluid, active thought process and reflection on one’s own learning and life experience proves to be an important landmark of intellectual growth. John Dewey, the pi oneer of this field, remarks that intellectual growth is a product of rebuilding the experience. One of the many proposed models for doing this is problem-solving model that comprises of four steps: the first is to analyze the situation and determine its difficulty level. Second is to come up with alternatives and choosing the best amongst the available ones. Lastly, the final touch comes by applying the solution and checking the results. Experts (Roffey-Barensten & Malthouse, 2008, 23-49) have indicated that most individuals reflect on their practice and actions naturally, while others may take reflection as extra work on top of what they have to do. Reflection helps teachers in not only their lessons but it also benefit... This paper approves that planning is just a phase in the entire process of effective teaching. Classroom management is another important step, invariably the most important one, for the development of an ideal learning setting. Several strategies have proven remarkably excellent in the past studies and they have been known to bring out the best in students. Some of the important ones include, conveying the fact that the teacher is in complete knowledge of students’ behavior. Another important way of eliciting high levels of work involvement by students is that the transition between the activities and classes be made less and less prominent for the students. Often, it happens that students do well till recess after which their energy levels fall drastically, or some kids who were brilliant in the art class sleep in the science class that follows. In this regard, the teacher should ensure that students are on the same page by employing warm-ups and ice-breaking activities. This essay makes a conclusion that training teachers to be reflective practitioners and aiding them with proper classrooms with tools for positive interaction and learning help in effective teaching and lead to better education systems. Conclusively, the paper has analyzed some of the significant aspects of teaching and education. The paper recognized and scrutinized different studies related to the topic; and it is expectation that the discussion will be beneficial for students, teachers, and professionals in comprehensive understanding of the topic.