Strengthening Community - 624 Words

Strengthening Community There are numerous changes that challenge the community to adapt. These can arise from violence at home, and they can follow one person to their school and workplace. Furthermore, new forms of communication, such as social media, when used inappropriately, can negatively affect the community. However, I believe that it is possible for an individual to take action and intervene to help strengthen the community. Strengthening the community can be started at home, advancing to the school, workplace or to any other forms of community like churches and other social groups. Social media which is a powerful communication tool, if positively utilized, can also help strengthen the community. Strengthening a community can†¦show more content†¦These can alleviate social problems thereby resulting to a decent community where people would like to live. Social media, as previously mentioned can either have a positive or negative impact to the community. It is a wonderful resource for adults and children. It is used as an instant communication tool. Unfortunately, it can have a damaging effect to the community when use inappropriately. Back in the old days, bullying behavior occurs face-to-face. Now, with the advancement of technology, bullying can be done easily and instantly through the use of computer, cellphones and other electronic devices. People can share photos and videos through social media that can contain violence and sex creating a negative impact to the society, as kids and adult can involve themselves in crime related activities. However, when utilized by responsible people, social media can be used to educate and promote a peaceful, safe environment. People can also share news and information through social media which gives them awareness on what’s happening around them. In conclusion, an individual can adapt to the changes within the community and take action to strengthen it. It starts from home where parents can provide safe and positive environment to their children while teaching them discipline and responsibility. These will lead to a strong, good foundation that will help them withstand the negativeShow MoreRelatedBuilding And Strengthening Positive Relationships With Parents And The Community970 Words   |  4 Pagescampaign is to inform the community and parents of all the positive activities that occur within the Pocono Mountain School District. Building and strengthening positive relationships with parents and the community is an important aspect of school culture. This campaign will also build awareness of what educators do every day to meet the needs of the students and the community. There is one primary goal to PRIDE on Each Side: Promote the Positive. The goal is for the community to see the school districtRead MoreHigh Incidence Of Breast And Cervical Cancer873 Words   |  4 PagesAfrican- American women faced in the small communities of South Carolina which included low self-esteem, premature death for many of which could have been prevented, or halter. A program in place that allowed for early treatment and recognition with better screening protocols for breast and cervical cancer could have save many lives. This is why creating a program that provides quality of care as the Black Corals program did for the citizens in the small communities of South Carolina, which allowed someRead MoreContexts Dependent Approach For Participation818 Words   |  4 Pagesfocused on negotiable issues. These principles are more critical when dealing with the local communities in which the major projects would take place, as it will impact their livelihoods and their socio-cultural circumstances. Therefore, the participation of local communities during EIA should take into account their local values beyond the factual evide nce (Bond et al. 2004, p.622). Engaging local communities in EIA must be context-oriented, open and transparent in order to achieve real outcomes (Andrà ©Read MoreAnalysis Of Sisterhood Is Complicated By Ruth Padawer1107 Words   |  5 Pagessense of community amongst people who share a common characteristic. A sense of fellowship amongst similar people allows a person to become more comfortable with who they are through interactions with others who are going through—or have gone through—the same triumphs or hardships. Without this feeling of belonging, one could be driven into insanity. Anxiety due to isolation and desolation could run rampant through a person’s mind because of the loneliness that comes with a lack of community—makingRead MoreEbola Emergency Response Strategy Analysis1279 Words   |  6 PagesEbola Emergency Response Strategy Introduction Community is an interconnected group of persons living in a given locality. Communities have identical social pattern. Public health awareness is an aggregate obligation of the entire society. Ebola can be managed by the assertion that the community holds that they are together and have been hit by a common catastrophe (Winkworth 5). Community can be organised into well-defined groups in order as to achieve the health objective. The use of LaveracksRead MoreAbstract. This Paper Will Share Some Steps Towards A Proposal1720 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract This paper will share some steps towards a proposal for a diabetes prevention program (DPP) Model. For many years, the medical community has struggled with questions about the implementation of a diabetes prevention program to offset the growing need to curb the increasing diabetes epidemic of children and adolescent in the Queens community. With ample evidence, the Kick-Start program will be helpful in preventing or delaying the onset of full-blown diabetes and helping those at risk; itRead MoreThe History Of Community Television In Colombia1194 Words   |  5 PagesFrom illegal consumers to legal producers of community. Community TV in Colombia 1997-2007. Big satellite dishes cover the roofs of several community centers in city neighborhoods and towns in Colombia. Their visibility is a monument of a moment in history in which these devices accelerated the access to international media contents, years before the privatization of television distribution in the country. 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It is those differences that are the framework for what any given community regards as normal and appropriate when it pertains to parenting practices. These norms set the standards as to when and how parents should seek help from others as well. ParentingRead MoreThe Vision And Mission Of Ankur Yuva Chetna Shivir2249 Words   |  9 Pagesindividual dreams into a collective consciousness through community convergence and participatory approach with the tools of self as well as social awareness; we endeavour to help the community understand how to convert its latent dreams into reality. The vision and mission of ANKUR YUVA CHETNA SHIVIR IS: ‘HELPING PEOPLE TO HELP THEMSELVES’ PROJECT MUSKAAN ActionAid and Unicef collaborated together for the first project on Establishing Community Based Grievance Redressal Mechanism in two districts

Essay on A Chilling Perspective in Truman Capotes In...

A Chilling Perspective in Capotes In Cold Blood Truman Capotes In Cold Blood is the story of Perry and Dick and the night of November 15, 1959. This investigative, fast-paced and straightforward documentary provides a commentary on the nature of American violence and examines the details of the motiveless murders of four members of the Clutter family and the investigation that led to the capture, trial, and execution of the killers. While reading Truman Capotes novel,In Cold Blood , I spent more than one night lying awake in my bed, frightened by Capotes presentation of the facts surrounding the murder of an obscure Kansas farmer and three of his family members. Several times, I caught myself wondering why this book†¦show more content†¦This draws the reader closer to the men than they would, perhaps, like to be. Capote talks about the lives of both killers previous to the murders in fairly significant detail. In the case of Perry Smith, his parents divorced early in his childhood and neither his mother nor father really wanted him. This produced feelings of abandonment and uselessness early on in Perry and affected the rest of his life. Capote brings up a letter written to the Kansas State Penitentiary about Perry by Perrys father, who was trying to have Perry paroled for a previous crime he had committed. Perry says that this biography always set racing a series of emotions--self pity in the lead, love and hate evenly at first, the latter ultimately pulling ahead (130). Perry didnt feel as though his father ever knew him very well, or even wanted to know him. He says, whole sections of my Dad was ignorant of. Didnt understand an iota of...I had this great natural musical ability. Which Dad didnt recognize. Or care about...I never got any encouragement from him or anybody else (133). When Pe rrys father threw him out of the house one evening because his father could no longer afford to have Perry live with him, Perry lost his sense of direction in life. He even saysShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Truman Capote s Cold Blood 1542 Words   |  7 PagesIn his 1965 novel In Cold Blood, Truman Capote chronicles the murder of the wealthy Clutter family and the subsequent capture and trial of their killers, Dick Hickock and Perry Smith. The events of the book play out over a period of nearly six years, from the crime’s conception to the execution of the murderers, supplemented by Capote’s numerous interviews with living members of the Clutter family, their neighbors, their murderers, and the detectives on the case. It is widely regarded as the first

Osteogenesis Imperfecta Essay Example For Students

Osteogenesis Imperfecta Essay Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a rare genetic disorder of collagen synthesis associated with broad spectrum of musculoskeletal problems, most notably bowing and fractures of the extremities, muscle weakness, laxity in the ligaments, and spinal deformities.(Binder, 386). Other collagen-containing skeletal tissues, such as the sclerae, the teeth, and the heart valves are also affected to a variable degree. OI has a common feature of bony fragility associated with defective formation of collagen by osteoblasts and fibroblasts(Smith, 1983, 13). This disease, involving defective development of the connective tissues, is usually the result of the autosomal dominant gene, but can also be the result of the autosomal recessive gene. Spontaneous mutations are common and the clinical presentation of the disease remains to be quite broad (Binder, 386). OI is most commonly referred to as brittle bones,† but other names include: fragilitas ossium, hypolasia of the mesenchyme, and osteopsath yrosis. Osteogenesis imperfecta is still not completely understood, and while there has been advances in diagnosing the disease, treatment is still limited. We will write a custom essay on Osteogenesis Imperfecta specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Osteogenesis imperfecta is the result of mutations in the genes that code for type I collagen. In the mild dominantly inherited form of OI (type I), a non-functional allele for the alpha 1 (I) chain halves collagen synthesis, (Smith, 1995, 169) and is largely responsible for the inheritance. Single base mutations in the codon for glycine causes lethal (type II) OI by wrecking the formation of the collagen triple helix. Types III and IV are the less dramatic outcomes of similar glycine mutations in either the alpha 1 (I) or the alpha 2(I) chains (Smith, 169). The clinical signs can be caused from defective osteoblastic activity and defective mesenchymal collagen (embryonic connective tissue) and its derivatives, such as sclerae, bones, and ligaments. The reticulum fails to differentiate into mature collagen or the collagen develops abnormally. This causes immature and coarse bone formation and thinning (Loeb, 755). The signs and symptoms of OI vary greatly depending on the type. The most commonly used classification is the Sillence (type I to IV). Type I is the mildest form of OI and is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. The sclerae (middle coat of eyeball) is distinctly blue. Type I is broken down into IA and IB the difference being whether dentinogenesis is present. IA has a life expectancy nearly the same as the general public. The physical activity is limited, and may appear to have no disability at all. The bones have a mottled or worm like appearance, forming small islands (Isselbacher, 2111). Type II is lethal in utero or shortly there afterbirth. The survivors live from just a few hours to several months. The karyotypes of parents are usually normal. This type is broken down into three subgroups: IIA is characterized by a broad, crumpled femora and continuos rib beading, IIB by minimal to no rib fractures, and IIC by a thin femora and ribs with extensive fracturing. While in the uterus, there is poor fetal movement, low fetal weight, poor ossification of the fetal skeleton, hypoplastic lungs, the long bones of the upper and lower limbs are shortened or deformed, and the head is soft. Intrauterine fractures occur, and death is usually from intracranial hemorrhaging due to vessel fragility or respiratory distress from pulmonary hypoplasia. The bones and other tissues are extremely fragile, and massive injuries occur in utero or delivery. The ribs appear beaded or broken and the long bones crumpled (Isselbacher, 2111). Type III and IV is intermediate in severity between typ es I and II. Type III differs from I in its greater severity and from IV in that it increases in severity with age. It can be inherited as either an autosomal recessive or dominant trait. The sclerae is only slightly bluish in infancy and white in adulthood, although the average life expectancy is 25 years. Type IV is always dominant. With types III and IV multiple fractures from minor physical stress occurs leading to progressive and severe deformities. Kyphoscoliosis (curvature of the spine) may cause respiratory impairment and predisposition to pulmonary infections. Popcorn-like deposits of mineral appear on the ends of long bones (Isselbacher, 2111). The symptoms of OI (types I, III, and IV) can appear when the child begins to walk, and decreases with age. The tendency of bone fracture decreases and often disappears after puberty. Later in life, particularly during pregnancy and after menopause, more fractures occur. The bones are usually slender with short, thin cortices and tr abeculae (fibers of framework), but can also be unusually thin (Smith, 1983, 136). Narrow diaphysis of the long bones increases the number of fractures and bowing deformities. Scoliosis is common. The haversian cells are poorly developed. The bones lack minerals needed to form bone matrix. Epiphyseal fractures (end of the bone) results in deformities and stunted growth (dwarfism). Osteopenia, the decrease in bone mass, is symptomatic. .uc165a1d28f65be786aa7c679d2796139 , .uc165a1d28f65be786aa7c679d2796139 .postImageUrl , .uc165a1d28f65be786aa7c679d2796139 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc165a1d28f65be786aa7c679d2796139 , .uc165a1d28f65be786aa7c679d2796139:hover , .uc165a1d28f65be786aa7c679d2796139:visited , .uc165a1d28f65be786aa7c679d2796139:active { border:0!important; } .uc165a1d28f65be786aa7c679d2796139 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc165a1d28f65be786aa7c679d2796139 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc165a1d28f65be786aa7c679d2796139:active , .uc165a1d28f65be786aa7c679d2796139:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc165a1d28f65be786aa7c679d2796139 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc165a1d28f65be786aa7c679d2796139 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc165a1d28f65be786aa7c679d2796139 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc165a1d28f65be786aa7c679d2796139 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc165a1d28f65be786aa7c679d2796139:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc165a1d28f65be786aa7c679d2796139 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc165a1d28f65be786aa7c679d2796139 .uc165a1d28f65be786aa7c679d2796139-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc165a1d28f65be786aa7c679d2796139:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Effect of agriculture on our environment EssayOther signs of OI include hyperextensibility of the joints (double-jointedness) and abnormally thin almost translucent skin. Discolored (blue-gray or yellow-brown) and malformed teeth which break easily and are cavity prone are found in most patients. Patients with OI have a triangular-shaped head and face, a bilaterally bulging skull, and prominent eyes with a wide distance between the temporal region (Loeb, 755). Hearing loss by the age of 30-40 is the result of the pressure on the auditory nerve due to the deformity of its canal in the skull. Recurrent epistaxis (nosebleeds), bruising and edema (especially at the sight of fractures), difficulty tolerating high temperatures and mild hyperpyrexia are other symptoms. Thoracic deformities may impair chest expansion and the ability to effectively breath deeply and cough (Loeb, 755). Patients are also more susceptible to infection. In assessing a patient data is needed about the genetic history and birth of the child, as well as a complete development assessment from birth. Vital signs are taken, and periods of increased heart and respiratory rate and elevated body temperature are noteworthy. Skin should be examined for color, elasticity, translucency, and signs of edema and bruising. A description of position and appearance of a childs trunk and extremities and facial characteristics should be noted. The height of the child in terms of expected growth, signs of scoliosis or laxity of ligaments and range of motion of the joints are all important. Sight and hearing should be tested since there are sensory problems associated with OI. The appearance of the sclerae and tympanic membranes and defects of primary teeth and gums are important (Jackson, 1699). X-rays usually reveal a decrease in bone density. There is no consensus, however, as to whether the diagnosis can be made by microscopy of bone specimens. (Issel bacher, 2112) DNA sequencing and incubating skin fiboblasts are two ways help diagnose OI. Prenatal ultrasonography is used to detect severely affected fetuses at about 16 weeks of pregnancy. Diagnosis of the lethal type II by ultrasound during the second trimester of pregnancy is by the identification of fractures of the long bones. Compression of the fetal head is seen by ultrasound probe, and low echogeneity of the cranium can be signs of skeletal dysplasia (faulty development of the tissues). Diagnosis is confirmed by postmortem examination including biochemical studies of cultivated fibroblasts from the fetus (Berge, 321). Diagnosis by analyzing DNA sequencing can be carried out in chronic villa biopsies at 8-12 weeks. There is no known treatment of OI at this time. Treatment therefore is predominantly supportive and educational. Because of multiple fractures and bruising, it is important to diagnose this disease in order to prevent accusations of child abuse. Treatment of frac tures is often challenging because of abnormal bone structure and laxity of the ligaments. Splinting devices are used to stabilize the bones and to protect against additional fractures. Treatment aims to prevent deformities through use of traction and/or immobilization in order to aid in normal development and rehabilitation. Limb deformities and repeated fractures can be corrected by inserting telescoping rods that elongate with growth. After surgical placement of the rods, extensive post-operative care is required because greater amounts of blood and fluid are lost (Loeb, 755). It should be noted that the healing of fractures appear to be normal (Isselbacher, 2112). Braces, immobilizing devices and wheelchairs are necessary. Physical therapy is important in the treatment of OI. Bone fracture density in a unfractured bone is decreased when compared with age-matched controls due to limited exercise, so it is essential to stay as active as possible. Physical therapy is also used for strengthening muscle and preventing disuse fractures with exercises with light resistance, such as swimming. Regular dental visits are necessary to monitor the teeth. Monitoring by opthalmol-ogists for vision and audiologists for hearing is also essential. Radiologists need to examine the structure and density of the bones, and an orthopedist is needed to set fractures and take care of other bone-related problems. Counseling and emotional support is needed for both the patient and the family. It is important not to limit a child because of his/her disabilities, and to realize that many victims of this disease live successful lives. Debrah Morris, a successful business woman, and active fighter for disability rights and helping other patients of OI, says, If I had the choice to be anyone in the world, I would be exactly who I am. The people I have met, the challenges I have faced, the opportunities that I have been presented all are directly related to dealing with being a little person with brittle bones. (Kasper, 53) Many of the symptoms of OI can be confused with those of a battered child . X-rays are used to show evidence of old fractures and bone deformities to distinguish the difference. The Osteogenesis Imperfecta Foundation (OIF) has is a national support group that offers assistance to families in this position and to increase public awareness. The OIF has a medical advisory council, chapters, support groups, regional meetings, biennial national conferences, and parent contacts to help families feeling alone and helpless. They also publish a newsletter, provide literature and videos about OI, and sponsor a fund to support research. Magnesium oxide can be administered to decrease the fracture rate, as well as hyperpyrexia and constipation associated with this condition (Anderson, 1127). A high-protein, high-carbohydrate, high-vitamin diet is needed to promote healing. A growth hormone has also been administered during childhood, and is shown to substantially increase growth. Treatment with bisphosphorates and related agents has been discussed to decrease bone lo ss, but no controlled studies have been done (Isselbacher, 2113). .u9db4ebd3026535a6a4e825121c9cb547 , .u9db4ebd3026535a6a4e825121c9cb547 .postImageUrl , .u9db4ebd3026535a6a4e825121c9cb547 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9db4ebd3026535a6a4e825121c9cb547 , .u9db4ebd3026535a6a4e825121c9cb547:hover , .u9db4ebd3026535a6a4e825121c9cb547:visited , .u9db4ebd3026535a6a4e825121c9cb547:active { border:0!important; } .u9db4ebd3026535a6a4e825121c9cb547 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9db4ebd3026535a6a4e825121c9cb547 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9db4ebd3026535a6a4e825121c9cb547:active , .u9db4ebd3026535a6a4e825121c9cb547:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9db4ebd3026535a6a4e825121c9cb547 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9db4ebd3026535a6a4e825121c9cb547 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9db4ebd3026535a6a4e825121c9cb547 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9db4ebd3026535a6a4e825121c9cb547 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9db4ebd3026535a6a4e825121c9cb547:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9db4ebd3026535a6a4e825121c9cb547 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9db4ebd3026535a6a4e825121c9cb547 .u9db4ebd3026535a6a4e825121c9cb547-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9db4ebd3026535a6a4e825121c9cb547:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Religion bible1 EssaySince there is no cure for osteogenesis imperfecta, appropriate and properly timed rehabilitation intervention is of the utmost importance to ensure that the child is able to function to the best of his/her ability in society. A ten-year study that was submitted in 1992 proves this. 25 of 115 children with severe OI were observed since birth or infancy at the National Institutes of Health, MD and the Skeletal Dysplasia Clinic at the Childrens National Medical Center in D.C. One was Type I, two Type II, nine Type III, and thirteen Type IV. They were classified by physical characteristics and functional capacity:Group A consisted of those who were severe ly dwarfed with large heads and marked bowing , contractures, and weakness of extremities. The highest functional skill expected was independent sitting. Group B was growth deficient, but with a normal sized head. Femoral bowing, scoliosis, and contractures of the hip flexors were characteristics. they were expected to stand and/or ambulate with braces. Group C was less growth deficient, and had good strength, but poor endurance. They had marked joint laxity and poorly aligned lower extremity joints, but were ambulators (Binder, 386-387). Group A patients were the most severely involved. Most were basically sitters. The majority was totally dependent in their self-care. Group B had the potential to become at least short-distance ambulators. These patients had acquired the ability to move to sitting, but had transitional moving problems, such as sitting to standing. All were partially independent in their self-care. Group C had antigravity strength and 50% had good strength in their extremities. All were physically active and age-appropriately independent, but none were good long-distance walkers (Binder, 387-388). Progressive rehabilitation of these groups all included posture exercises and active range of motion and strengthening exercises. Group B had additional ROM and posture exercises, as well as developmental exercises. Group C added coordination activities (Binder, 388). Conclusion, Management of patients with OI should address the childs functional needs. Even though the degree of disability may be severe, management should not be limited to orthopedic procedures and bracing. Treatment planning should be considered, but not totally based on genetic, anatomical, and biochemical abnormalities. Our experience suggests that clinical grouping based in part on functional potential can be useful in the appropriate management of children with OI(Binder, 390). Independence was stressed in this study, and even patients with limited sitting ability, upper extremity function can be improved to at least minimal independence in self-help skills. Potential ambulators should be helped because, although their ability might not progress past indoor ambulation, walking will make them more independent and may result in increased bone mineralization. Poor joint alignment, poor balance, and low endurance can all be improved with persistent, individualized physical and oc cupational therapy. For best results, therapy should be started as soon after birth as possible. Mainstreaming school-aged children is also important. All of this together leads to age-appropriate social development and markedly improved independence and quality of life in the majority of patients(Binder, 390). Osteogenesis imperfecta is the most common genetic disorder of the bone. It occurs in about 1 in 20,000 live births, and is equally prevalent in all races and both sexes. The Type I OI has a population frequency of about 1 in 30,000. Type II has a birth incidence of about 1 in 60,000. Types III and IV are less common and may be as high as 1 in 20,000 (Isselbacher, 2111). The occurrence of OI in families with no history or blue sclerae is about 1 in 3,000,000 births (Smith, 1995, 171). The recurrence risks in families is estimated to be 6 to 10%, but is only estimated because most couples choose not to have any more children. 15 to 20% of patients with OI do not carry the gene for abnormal collagen, making many wonder if there is yet another genetic problem undiagnosed at this time (Smith, 1995, 172). Science Essays

Transplant Tourism as an aspect of Medical Tourism

One of the most prominent controversies, associated with the realities of a Globalized/post-industrial living, is the rise of a so-called ‘medical tourism’, which is being commonly defined as, â€Å"The movement of patients across international borders for medical care that is more expensive or less accessible at home† (Connell, 2011, p. 260).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Transplant Tourism as an aspect of Medical Tourism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The reason why this type of tourism continues to spark public controversies is that it is believed to contribute to the process of Medicare becoming increasingly commercialized, which in turn presupposes the lessened adequacy of healthcare services, provided to those patients that rely on Medicare’s public sector. Moreover, medical tourism is being commonly referred to as such that contributes to the rise of global socio-eco nomic inequalities, as it results in making high quality healthcare services less accessible to ordinary citizens in the countries where this tourism thrives. As it was pointed out by Godwin (2004), â€Å"Since the care offered by medical corporations (that specialize in medical tourism) is far beyond the reach of even the domestic middle class, leave alone the poor, the beneficiaries can only be the ‘creamy layer’ of the economy which will further worsen the health inequality in the country† (p. 3983). At the same time, however, the very concept of medical tourism appears being thoroughly consistent with the qualitative essence of Globalization, as a process concerned with the free-market economies’ functioning becoming ever more efficient, which in turn results in more and more people growing to perceive their ability to enjoy healthiness in terms of a commercial commodity. Nowadays, medical tourism is being increasingly associated with a so-called †˜transplant tourism’, which is being commonly defined as the process of Western patients travelling internationally (most commonly, to the countries of Second and Third World), in order to undergo transplant-surgeries in privately owned clinics. There are two major contributing factors to the rise of this particular form of medical tourism: the fact that in Western countries, there is an acute shortage of donor-organs, and the fact that undergoing transplant-surgeries abroad often proves to be substantially less expensive.Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Just as it is being the case with medical tourism, transplant tourism continues to spark public controversies, due to the fact that, as of today, the concept of transplant tourism is often perceived as being synonymous to the notion of ‘organ trafficking’. According to Budiani-Saberi and Delmo nico (2008), â€Å"Transplant Tourism has become a connotation for organ trafficking. The United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS), recently defined transplant tourism as ‘the purchase of a transplant organ abroad that includes access to an organ while bypassing laws, rules, or processes of any or all countries involved’† (p. 926). Nevertheless, given the fact that, as time goes on, more and more Western patients express their willingness to become ‘transplant tourists’, it would be only logical, on our part, to discuss transplant tourism in terms of a discursively ambivalent concept, the practical manifestations of which are being equally capable of emanating ‘negativity’, on the one hand, and ‘positivity’, on the other. In my paper, I will aim to substantiate the validity of this thesis at length. Introduction/Thesis statement It is now being estimated that in 2007, at least 100.000 Britons sought health care services abroa d. The number of Americans that traveled abroad for the same purpose in the year 2008 amounted to 750.000 – while outside of U.S., they have spent on medicinal services close to $2 billion (Reisman, 2010). According to the same author, â€Å"Exports of health services worldwide doubled between 1997 and 2003. They increased worldwide ten times faster than foreign earnings from tourism and five times faster than global exports of services† (p. 3). Essentially the same dynamics are being observed within the context of what accounts for the qualitative essence of today’s organ-transplantation practices. For example, according to the statistical information, provided by World Health Organization (WHO), throughout 2005 there have been 66.000 kidneys, 21.000 livers and 6000 hearts transplanted from donors to organ-recipients worldwide, with 10% of transplantation surgeries having been performed on Western ‘transplant tourists’.Advertising We will writ e a custom research paper sample on Transplant Tourism as an aspect of Medical Tourism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More By the year 2010, the percentage of transplantation-surgeries, performed on ‘transplant tourists’, has doubled. (Biggins et al., 2009). As of today, the most popular transplant tourism’s destinations are: Israel, China, India, Phillipines and Pakistan. In its turn, this can be explained by the fact that in these countries, the functioning of national Medicare systems is being largely deregulated. In its turn, this created a number of prerequisites for the privatized sectors of these systems to grow progressively larger. And, as it is being the case with the owners of just about any commercial enterprise, the owners of private transplantation-clinics in these countries are being naturally predisposed to regard their businesses’ foremost operational task as such that is being solely concerned with providing them with the opportunity to generate financial profits. Such an opportunity naturally derives out of the fact that, in the earlier mentioned countries people’s lives continue to drop in value, due to the factor of overpopulation and the factor of the quality of local living standards continuing to diminish. In its turn, this creates objective preconditions for impoverished locals to consider selling their internal organs for money. After all, as it was mentioned earlier, the very realities of today’s living naturally cause people to regard their healthiness as nothing short of a commercial commodity, which can be purchased or sold, â€Å"Proponents of commercial markets in organ transplants argue that poor individuals should be free to sell kidneys. They should be ‘at liberty’ to choose between the risks associated with selling a kidney and the risks of keeping two kidneys while remaining impoverished† (Turner, 2009, p. 193).Adverti sing Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Given the fact that ordinary citizens (especially the ones from the rural regions) in such countries as China, India, Pakistan or Philippines rarely make more than $5-$10 per day, it makes a perfectly logical sense for them to think about selling their internal organs for money. After having been paid $15.000 for allowing its kidney to be surgically removed, a particular impoverished Pakistani, for example, will not only have enough money to enjoy a comparative prosperity until the end of its life, but he or she will also be able to provide a financial assistance to its numerous children and relatives. On their part, Western ‘transplant patients’ are able to benefit from the availability of donor-organs in the Third World countries, as well. This is because this availability naturally causes prices on donor-organs to remain comparatively affordable, â€Å"For example, hip replacement surgery, which normally costs around $25,000 in the United States, can be performed fo r $5,000 in India. Heart valve replacement surgery, which costs around $200,000 in the United States, costs $10,000 in India† (Sengupta, 2011, p. 312). Nevertheless, it would be quite inappropriate to refer to the rise of transplant tourism as solely the consequence of global inequalities between people in the Second/Third World, on the one hand, and people in the First World, on the other, continuing to become ever more acute. Apparently, one of the major contributing factor to the growing popularity of transplant tourism is the fact that, as compared to what it is being the case in Western countries, which during the course of last few decades were growing increasingly Socialist, in countries that are being considered the most attractive transplant tourism’s destinations (with the exception China), there are simply no armies of useless but resource-consuming ‘medicinal bureaucrats’ in existence. In its turn, this significantly simplifies the bureaucratic procedures, concerned with potential donors providing a legal consent for the removal of their internal organs and with surgeons obtaining an official ‘go ahead’ to perform the transplantation surgery on a particular Western patient. For example, while in their own countries, Western patients are being often required to wait for transplants to become available for as long as 5-10 years. However, while in such countries as China, India or Philippines, they can well expect the required transplantation surgery to be performed on them within a matter of few months, or even weeks (Rhodes Schiano, 2010). Thus, there can be few doubts to the fact that, as it was implied in the Introduction, the emergence of transplant tourism was dialectically predetermined by the very course of a historical progress. And, as it has always been the case with just about every newly emerged socio-cultural practice, transplant tourism can be simultaneously discussed in both: positive and negativ e lights. Analytical part The provided earlier background information, in regards to transplant tourism and in regards to what can be considered the foremost motivational factors, behind the process of Western patients deciding in favor of undergoing transplantation surgeries abroad, allows me to outline transplant tourism’s positive and negative aspects as follows: Background information A.  Transplant tourism allows Western middle-class citizens to save considerably on applying for a number of different transplantation operations. For example, in Philippines, Western patients are able to acquire the ‘new kidney’ for as low as $25.000 (Turner, 2009). Comparing to what are the average prices for kidney transplantation operations in Western countries, this price can be well defined as laughable. B.  Transplant tourism often provides Western patients with the only life-saving opportunity, because by becoming ‘transplant tourists’, they no longer ne ed to wait years and years, before much needed organ-transplantation surgeries are being performed on them. Given the fact that in Western countries it would prove rather impossible to find individuals who would be willing to trade their internal organs for money, and also the fact that procedures, concerned with obtaining organ-donating consents from the relatives of deceased people are being utterly bureaucratized, it comes as not a particular surprise that many citizens on organ-waiting lists die, even before they get a chance to have transplantation surgeries performed on them. Yet, for as long as Western patients have the required amount of cash in their pockets, they now have the opportunity to undergo such surgeries in the countries of Third/Second world, without having to deal a number of time-consuming bureaucratic procedures. Positive/Negative aspects of transplant tourism A.  While abroad, for the purpose of undergoing transplantation surgeries, Western ‘transpla nt tourists’ can never be 100% guaranteed that donor-organs, which will be transplanted in them, were obtained legally/ethically. The validity of this statement becomes especially self-evident, in regards to what appear to be the realities of transplant tourism in such countries as China, Philippines or Pakistan, for example. As it was noted by Saberi Delmonico (2008), â€Å"In 2006, 11 000 transplants were performed in China from executed prisoners† (p. 927). This, of course, represents a big issue for particularly sensitive Western patients. Yet, as practice shows, such their sensitivity disappears rather quickly, once they are being faced with the option of whether to remain moral but dead, or immoral but alive. B.  In countries with traditionally poor hygienic standards, such as Pakistan, China and Philippines, Western patients face the increased risk of having donor-organs rejected by their immune system. The factor of uncleanliness exposes local organ-donors t o the particularly acute health-risk, as well. As it was pointed out by Turner (2009), â€Å"When (transplantation) operations are conducted in unhygienic facilities†¦ and when organ sellers return to polluted, hazardous social environments, removal of a kidney puts individuals at increased risk of health problems† (p.194). In its turn, this explains why Western ‘transplant tourists’ are not being utterly thrilled about the prospect of having to undergo complex surgeries in countries, where the majority of locals do not think that there might be anything wrong about them living in their own filth, in quite literal sense of this word. Conclusion One of the most peculiar characteristics of transplant tourism is the fact that, even though that well-established Western physicians tend to refer to it in strongly negative terms, largely on the account of what they perceive as such tourism’s ‘ethical inappropriateness’, it nevertheless becomes p rogressively popular with more and more Western patients. This simply could not be otherwise, because as it was mentioned earlier, the functioning of Western Medicare systems has long ago ceased being thoroughly reflective of patients’ actual needs. This is why many of them simply do not have any other choice but to travel abroad, even when such a simple procedure as the replacement of the tooth’s filling is being concerned. Apparently, it matters very little for Western patients where their health-related problems would be taken care of, for as long as get what they need quickly and for the reasonable price. We can say that the growing popularity of transplant tourism provides yet additional confirmation to the conceptual validity of the foremost theoretical principle, upon which the free-market economy’s proper functioning is being based – for as long as there is a demand, there will always be a proposition. Therefore, it will only be logical, on my par t, to conclude this paper by suggesting that, in the very near future transplant tourism will attain a fully legitimate discursive status. I believe that this conclusion is being thoroughly consistent with the paper’s initial thesis. References Biggins, S. et al. (2009). Transplant tourism to China: The impact on domestic patient-care decisions. Clinical Transplantation. 23 (6), 831-838. Budiani-Saberi, B. Delmonico, F. (2008). Organ trafficking and transplant tourism: A commentary on the global realities. American Journal of Transplantation, 8, 925-929. Connell, J. (2011). A new inequality? Privatization, urban bias, migration and  medical tourism. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 52 (3), 260-271. Godwin, S. (2004). Medical tourism: Subsidizing the rich. Economic and Political  Weekly, 39 (36), 3981-3983. Rhodes, R. Schiano, D. (2010). The dilemma and reality of transplant tourism:  An ethical perspective for liver transplant programs. Liver Transplantation, 16 (2), 113-117. Reisman, D. (2010). Health tourism: Social welfare through international trade.  Northampton, U.S. Edward Elgar Publishing. Sengupta, A. (2011). Medical tourism: Reverse subsidy for the elite. Signs:  Journal of Women in Culture Society, 36 (2), 312-319. Turner, L. (2009). Commercial organ transplantation in the Philippines.  Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics Journal. 18 (2), 192-196. This research paper on Transplant Tourism as an aspect of Medical Tourism was written and submitted by user Anderson Snider to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.