Malaria Disease - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1480 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2018/12/28 Category Medicine Essay Type Research paper Level High school Tags: Disease Essay Did you like this example? Introduction Malaria is one disease that has troubled the human race for quite a long time. Malaria claims over 500,000 diseases annually, with most of those being children below the age of five years. The treatment of malaria has experienced some considerable developments from when it was discovered that the disease was caused by a mosquito. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Malaria Disease" essay for you Create order This paper is wholly about malaria. The paper provides a brief history of malaria and then goes on to explain what causes malaria. The paper goes on to very prevalent issues that surround malaria such as malaria in pregnant women and such other things. The treatment for malaria is also provided. On this issue, the paper recommends on the best methods to treat malaria, among the many available. In coming up with all this material, the paper has utilized information from different credible sources. With this regard, referencing has been done accordingly. Brief history The history of malaria spans for a period of hundreds of years. The disease is thought to have first been witnessed in the primates of Africa a very long time ago. It then spread all over the world such that there is no single continent in the world which has not had to deal with malaria. In the early 20th century, a link between malaria and mosquito parasites was established, and treatment of the disease became easier. In the 20th century, malaria was an epidemic in very many countries. The United States, for example, lost more than 6000 soldiers to malaria during the African and south pacific campaigns. To date, however, malaria still claims lives. Pregnant women and children below the age of five years are most prone to this disease, for biological reasons. Causes and transmission Malaria is caused by the Plasmodium parasites. This parasite is spread to humans mostly through bites from an infected mosquito. There are many types of Plasmodium, but only four are responsible for transmitting malaria. The Plasmodium falciparum is the most prevalent type of Plasmodium that causes malaria. This plasmodium is mostly dominant in Africa and is responsible for most of the deaths related to malaria. This also explains why Africa is leading in cases of malaria. Of the average of 200 million cases of malaria that are witnessed every year, almost a quarter hails from Africa. The Plasmodium parasite is mainly spread through bites from the female Anopheles mosquitoes. These mosquitoes are mostly referred to as the night biting mosquitoes due to the reason that they mostly bite between dusk and dawn. If these mosquitoes bite a person who is already infected with the malaria disease, it becomes infected and spreads it to other people when it bites. Malaria can however not be transmitted directly from person to person. It is not waterborne or airborne or transmittable by contact. After a mosquito bite, the parasite gets into the bloodstream. The first place that the parasite invests is the liver. The infection travels to the liver because that is where it develops and grows before entering again into the bloodstream, and consequently invading the red blood cells. Once in the red blood cells, the parasite grows and multiplies. A pattern is formed whereby at regular intervals, the infected blood cells burst open and release more parasites which in turn infect other red blood cells. The infected blood cells usually burst after every says 24-72 hours. Every time the process of bursting takes place, the patient gets symptoms of sweating, chills or a bout of fever. As more and more red blood cells burst, the body becomes weaker and weaker and more symptoms such as aching of joints begin to show. Few patients with malaria recover without proper treatment. Symptoms Malaria symptoms typically develop and begin to show within the first 10-30 days of infection. In some rare cases, often in more resistant individuals, the symptoms of malaria may not show until the first several months are over. Some malaria parasites may also enter the body and remain dormant for long periods of time (Murray 23). In early stages, the symptoms witnessed include; shaking, which ranges from moderate to severe, fever, sweating, headache, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain. As the disease develops, more symptoms begin to show. These symptoms include; anemia, diarrhea, muscle pain, bloody stools, Convulsions and finally comas. Very few people recover from malaria-related comas (Murray 56). Pregnant women are very prone to contacting malaria. In fact, statistics show that pregnant women are three times more likely to develop malaria than other non-pregnant women, considering all other conditions are constant. Infection of malaria during pregnancy has the potential to cause premature deliveries, miscarriages, congenital infections, low birth weight and also perinatal death. The symptoms in pregnant women are the same as the symptoms experienced by other people, only that in pregnant women, they are more adverse. Small children are also very prone to contracting malaria. This is because their immune systems are generally weak as compared to those of other adults. Malaria diagnosis, treatment, and prevention Accurate and rapid diagnosis of malaria is very important to the treatment of patients suffering from malaria in the community. It is very important especially in the management of the disease. In pregnant women and children, diagnosis is made with more caution. The diagnosis helps prevent the excessive use of antimalarial drugs and also under dosing. Diagnosis also helps health practitioners recommend a preferable treatment for malaria. There are two diagnoses which are mainly used. One is diagnosis based on the symptoms and signs of a disease (Neafsey 90). This one is called clinical diagnosis (Bhatt 89). The second form of diagnosis is the diagnosis based on detection of the parasites that caused the disease. This particular type of diagnosis is less preferred. The first one is the main form of diagnosis used by health practitioners. Once the diagnosis has been made, treatment comes in. treatment does not consider whether it was clinical or a parasitological method which was used for diagnosis. The patient should be treated with the most appropriate and the safest drug available. The goal should be effective malaria treatment within 24 hours (Bhatt 65). This is because delaying in treating a case on uncomplicated malaria results to a more complicated form of the disease which is associated with extreme fatalities. For such a disease which has the potential to be severe and very fatal, especially when it is as a result of Plasmodium falciparum, there is definitely a range of possible treatments. Patients who suffer from severe p. falciparum malaria cannot take oral medicine. They are treated by continuous intravenous infusion. Other available drugs for treatment include; atovaquone-proguanil (Malarone), chloroquine, quinine, quinidine and clindamycin (which is used together combination with quinine). Sometimes, health practitioners ask for the patients history with malaria and a last drug that had taken in treating the disease. This is so as to come up with the best mode of treatment for specific individuals. Some individuals react better to some drugs and worse to other drugs. As much as malaria is a treatable disease, prevention is still way much better than cure. Actually, it is estimated that were it not for the preventive measures that people are advised to use, malaria cases on an annual basis would be more than one billion. Considering the fact that malaria is transmitted by mosquitoes, the primary goal, therefore, becomes protecting people from mosquitoes. With regard to this, it is very important to ensure that our surrounding is not potential habitats for mosquitoes (Manyando 45). This should be done by clearing bushes and stagnant water collections. There are also some plants whose scent is known to repel mosquitoes. People are also advised to sleep under treated mosquito nets in order to protect themselves from mosquito bites at night. In conclusion, it is important to note that malaria is the single disease that has claimed the most lives in the history of mankind. Therefore, people should be very wary of it. Treatment of malaria has been discovered, and it is ready at the nearest clinical center to the proximity of our homes. The fight against malaria has been hard, but humanity is slowly winning to eradicate the disease. Preventive measures especially have been very helpful. It is important to acknowledge the information provided to us by health practitioners regarding the disease so as to prevent more and more cases of malaria. Work cited Bhatt, Samir, et al. The effect of malaria control on Plasmodium falciparum in Africa between 2000 and 2015. Nature 526.7572 (2015): 207-211. Manyando, Christine, Eric M. Njunju, and Umberto DAlessandro. Safety and efficacy of co-trimoxazole for treatment and prevention of Plasmodium falciparum malaria: a systematic review. PLos one 8.2 (2013): e56916. Murray, Christopher JL, et al. Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality for HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria during 1990â€Å"2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. The Lancet 384.9947 (2014): 1005-1070. Neafsey, Daniel E., et al. Highly evolvable malaria vectors: the genomes of 16 Anopheles mosquitoes. Science 347.6217 (2015): 1258522.

Requisitos y consecuencias de la bancarrota en EEUU

La bancarrota es una segunda oportunidad que brinda la ley a las personas o empresas que no pueden pagar sus deudas mediante la eliminacià ³n o reestructuracià ³n del pago de las mismas. En EE.UU., puede solicitar la bancarrota cualquier persona sin importar su estatus migratorio. Puede hacerlo individualmente o, si està ¡ casada, conjuntamente con su cà ³nyuge. Ademà ¡s, tambià ©n pueden solicitar la bancarrota sociedades y corporaciones. Puntos clave: La bancarrota en EE.UU. Pueden declararse en bancarrota personas fà ­sicas, matrimonios y empresas.En EE.UU. hay cuatro tipo de bancarrotas: capà ­tulo 7, 11, 12, 13; cada una con sus requisitos y consecuencias.El listado de bienes excluidos —y, por lo tanto, protegidos— ante los acreedores y que los deudores pueden conservar varà ­a de estado a estado.La bancarrota no elimina todo tipo de deudas.A partir del 15 de octubre de 2019, la bancarrota puede tener graves consecuencias migratorias. Inicio del trà ¡mite y tipos de bancarrota En el caso de persona individual o matrimonio, antes de iniciar el proceso deberà ¡ recibir una sesià ³n informativa de crà ©dito (credit briefing) de una agencia autorizada, la cual puede ser presencial, por Internet o por telà ©fono. A continuacià ³n, el deudor deberà ¡ elegir quà © tipo de bancarrota le conviene mà ¡s entre los cuatro tipos posibles: Capà ­tulo 7 Es el tipo de bancarrota mà ¡s frecuente y el preferido en los casos en los que el deudor no tiene mucho patrimonio. En ella, el deudor conserva todos los bienes considerados legalmente exentos (segà ºn las leyes del estado). El resto, si lo hubiera, pasa a ser controlado por un administrador, quien procederà ¡ a venderlos para pagar a los acreedores en un orden previamente establecido en la ley. Capà ­tulo 13 Pueden solicitarla las personas con ingresos fijos y cuya deuda asegurada con una garantà ­a colateral no excede $1.184.200 y la no asegurada es menos de $394.725. El deudor conserva sus propiedades y se compromete a entregar a un administrador pagos con cargo a sus ingresos futuros por un periodo entre tres y cinco aà ±os. Capà ­tulo 11 Es solicitada principalmente por empresas, aunque tambià ©n pueden acogerse a la misma las personas individuales con una deuda que excede los là ­mites que aplican en la bancarrota capà ­tulo 13. Capà ­tulo 12 Este tipo de bancarrota aplica a las familias que poseen una granja o una explotacià ³n agrà ­cola. Proceso Tanto en el capà ­tulo 7 como en el 13, que son los mà ¡s comunes para personas individuales y matrimonios, es necesario completar todos los formularios que correspondan, los cuales requieren la siguiente informacià ³n: listado total de bieneslistado de bienes excluidos, segà ºn la leylistado de deudasdeclaracià ³n sobre la situacià ³n financieraingresos que se esperan para el futuroidentificacià ³n de acreedores con sus direcciones La solicitud se presenta en la corte de bancarrota del lugar de residencia, pagà ¡ndose la cuota correspondiente. En el caso de individuos o matrimonios, deberà ¡n presentarse en corte una vez junto con la persona que se designe como administrador (trustee, en inglà ©s) y los acreedores que asà ­ decidan hacerlo. Bienes no incluidos en bancarrota y bienes exentos El deudor individual o matrimonio que se declara en bancarrota capà ­tulo 7 o 13 puede conservar sus ingresos relacionados con su jubilacià ³n, como pensià ³n del Seguro Social, 401(k), IRA, etc. Sin embargo, en algunos casos se pueden establecer là ­mites mà ¡ximos. Ademà ¡s, puede conservar lo que se denomina como bienes exentos. En 34 estados deberà ¡ seguirse la lista del estado . En los 16 restantes, el solicitante de la bancarrota puede optar entre el listado de bienes exentos federal del Tà ­tulo 11 del Cà ³digo de los Estados Unidos o el del estado. Dichos estados son Alaska, Arkansas, Connecticut, Hawaii, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Nuevo Hampshire, Nueva Jersey, Nuevo Mà ©xico, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Texas, Vermont, Washington y Wisconsin. Lo mismo sucede en Washington D.C. Segà ºn la ley federal son bienes exentos para el caso de bancarrotas solicitadas por una persona, entre otros, los siguientes: Vivienda: $25.150 en patrimonio neto (equity).Auto: $4.000Joyas: $1.700Artà ­culos del hogar: $13.400 en su totalidad, incluyendo ropa, electrodomà ©sticos, animales, instrumentos musicales, libros, etc.Herramientas de trabajo: $2.525Dividendos o intereses generados por una pà ³liza de seguro de vida: $13.400 Si la bancarrota la solicita conjuntamente un matrimonio, dichas cantidades, que aplican desde el 1 de abril de 2019, se doblan, excepto la del concepto de vivienda.  ¿Quà © se conserva despuà ©s de la bancarrota? La persona que se declara en bancarrota podrà ­a conservar bienes mà ¡s allà ¡ de los relacionados con la jubilacià ³n o con los bienes excluidos. Vivienda En el caso del capà ­tulo 7, se puede conservar la vivienda si el equity està ¡ comprendido entre los bienes exentos y si, al mismo tiempo, el deudor realiza los pagos de la hipoteca que tiene pendientes. Si despuà ©s de la declaracià ³n de bancarrota deja de pagarse la cuota hipotecaria, el banco conserva el derecho a tomar posesià ³n de la vivienda, aunque no podrà ¡ exigirle al deudor el pago de la hipoteca pendiente. Ademà ¡s, si se deja de pagar la cuota de la hipoteca, el banco conserva derechos sobre los bienes que se brindaron como garantà ­a para la hipoteca (lien, en inglà ©s). En el caso de bancarrota capà ­tulo 13, el deudor puede conservar la vivienda principal aunque el patrimonio neto sea superior a lo que se puede incluir como bienes exentos. Si no està ¡ al corriente en el pago de las cuotas hipotecarias, deberà ¡ hacerlo antes de la declaracià ³n de bancarrota y, posteriormente, pagar las nuevas cuotas que se acuerden en dicha declaracià ³n, que suelen ser inferiores a las iniciales. Sin embargo, el deudor no siempre podrà ¡ conservar su segunda vivienda. Vehà ­culo de motor En la bancarrota capà ­tulo 7, el deudor que està ¡ al dà ­a en el pago de sus cuotas puede quedarse con su auto si el equity es igual o inferior a lo autorizado en su lugar de residencia como bien exento para esta categorà ­a y, ademà ¡s, continà ºa pagando las cuotas del prà ©stamo de compra. En la bancarrota tipo capà ­tulo 13, el deudor puede conservar su auto pero debe pagar las cuotas del prà ©stamo que està ©n pendientes, segà ºn el plan de pago que se apruebe al declararse la bancarrota. Consecuencias para el crà ©dito de la declaracià ³n de bancarrota La bancarrota capà ­tulo 7 se verà ¡ reflejada en el historial crediticio del deudor por siete aà ±os. En el caso de bancarrota capà ­tulo 13, lo serà ¡ por 10 aà ±os.  ¿Cuà ¡ndo se eliminan las deudas? En la bancarrota capà ­tulo 7 las deudas se eliminan (discharged, en inglà ©s) entre tres y seis meses despuà ©s del inicio del trà ¡mite. Esto quiere decir que no se le podrà ¡n exigir dichas deudas y el deudor no es responsable de su pago. En la bancarrota capà ­tulo 13 las deudas se borran cuando el deudor cumple con su plan de pago, que puede extenderse por tres o cinco aà ±os. Una vez que se ha cumplido dicho plan de pago, el resto de la deuda pendiente se borra y el deudor ya no es responsable. Sin embargo, cabe destacar que algunas deudas nunca se eliminan. Deudas que se eliminan con declaracià ³n de bancarrota Despuà ©s de bancarrota capà ­tulo 7 o capà ­tulo 13, se eliminan los siguientes tipos de deuda: tarjetas de crà ©ditoprà ©stamos personalescontratos o leasesfacturas mà ©dicasla mayorà ­a de las deudas que tienen su origen en accidentes de autodeudas originadas en juicios en las que el deudor es el demandadopagarà ©s Deudas que son perdonadas en bancarrota capà ­tulo 13, pero no en capà ­tulo 7 deudas por acuerdo de divorciopagos a coop o condoprà ©stamos aceptados para pagar una deuda ocasionada por un impuestoprà ©stamos que se tomaron con cargo a un plan de pensionestodas las deudas que no fueron perdonadas en una declaracià ³n anterior de bancarrota Deudas que No son perdonadas ni en la bancarrota capà ­tulo 7 ni 13 pensià ³n de alimentos (child support) y manutencià ³n de cà ³nyuge (alimony)multas fruto de haber cometido un hecho delictivocasi todas las deudas por impago de impuestostodo lo que se deba por haber causado daà ±o o muerte al manejar bajo la influencia del alcohol En el caso de bancarrota capà ­tulo 7, esas deudas deben ser pagadas aà ºn despuà ©s de la declaracià ³n de bancarrota. En los casos de bancarrota capà ­tulo 13, todas esas deudas se pagarà ¡n completamente durante el periodo de tres o cinco aà ±os de pago de deuda que acuerda el administrador de la bancarrota. Deudas que no suelen ser perdonadas Los prà ©stamos de estudiantes deben pagarse a menos que el deudor convenza a la corte de que realmente no puede pagarlos. Por otro lado, las deudas por impago de la declaracià ³n de impuestos (tax returns) podrà ­an ser perdonadas si se cumplen requisitos legales muy estrictos. Deudas que solo son perdonadas si el acreedor està ¡ de acuerdo deudas fraudulentasdeudas de acreedores no listados en la solicitud de bancarrotadeudas por compras por mà ¡s de $750 realizadas en los 90 dà ­as siguientes a solicitar la bancarrotadeudas por prà ©stamos de dinero de mà ¡s de $1.000 realizados en los 70 dà ­as posteriores a la solicitud de bancarrota. Efectos migratorios de declararse en bancarrota Cualquier persona puede solicitar una declaracià ³n de bancarrota, sin importar su estatus migratorio. Sin embargo, cabe destacar que dicha declaracià ³n puede tener efectos migratorios negativos, especialmente a partir del 15 de octubre de 2019, con la entrada en vigor de las nuevas reglas sobre carga pà ºblica. Con anterioridad al 15 de octubre de 2019, solo en casos infrecuentes una declaracià ³n de bancarrota podà ­a perjudicar a un migrante en su estatus migratorio. Por ejemplo, en los casos de bancarrota fraudulenta o cuando tenà ­a su origen en un gasto de lujo y que revelaba la falta de buen carà ¡cter moral, el cual es un requisito para la tarjeta de residencia permanente o la ciudadanà ­a por naturalizacià ³n. Sin embargo, la situacià ³n cambia a partir del 15 de octubre de 2019. En el nuevo formulario I-944 Declaracià ³n de Autosuficiencia se pregunta por cuestiones como bancarrota declarada en EE.UU. o en otro paà ­s e historia crediticia de los solicitantes de ciertos beneficios migratorios. En base a ese formulario, el oficial de migracià ³n podrà ¡ determinar si aprueba o rechaza solicitudes migratorias como ajuste de estatus o extensiones de visas. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Augustine Of Hippo And Lady Julian Of Norwich - 2222 Words

The story of Creation found in Genesis 1-3 has captured the attention of countless Christian theologians throughout the ages. Despite the fact that the text of these chapters are quite short, it has proved itself to be a fertile ground from which many of the central tenets of Christian doctrine have sprouted. This fruitful text has also spurred a variety of differing interpretations of the Creation and Fall. Augustine of Hippo and Lady Julian of Norwich are two theologians who interpreted Genesis 1-3 in vastly different ways. The aim of this paper is to make a thematically organized comparison of Julian of Norwich’s interpretation (which is mostly apparent within her short parable on the Lord and the Servant, Revelations of Divine Love) with Augustine’s influential interpretation of Genesis 1-3. While Augustine’s interpretation is a classic understanding of the Fall that has had a lasting impact on Western society, in contrast Julian’s nuanced understandi ng of the Fall has had little influence in most subsequent theological thought until relatively recently. Indeed, it wasn’t until the 20th century that her work began to be broadly in circulation. Even in modern reflections on her theology, many scholars underappreciate or misunderstand her theology. Some theologians even suggest that she is moving towards unorthodoxy. Additionally, although Julian of Norwich is held in high esteem by many scholars and non-scholars, she is not always recognized as a highly complex

Managerial Support Global Market

Question: Discuss about the Managerial Supportfor Global Market. Answer: Introduction Application of Business Intelligence in the Company The company chosen for implementation of the business intelligence is SABIC, a global diversified chemicals manufacturing company. The company is focused on innovation while achieving growth and sustainability in the global market. The scientists of the company are focused in accepting the rapid challenges in the market. However, with the use of business intelligence, the company can effectively use their technologies while improving their data mining services and storage (Tierney, 2014). The business intelligence that SABIC must use in the aspect of data visualization, advanced analytics, modern analytics platform is Oracle Business Intelligence 12C. Modern Analytics Platform- SABIC can connect directly to Big data, Oracle sources for richer and broader analysis. The business intelligence tool can help the leaders of SABIC while accessing and securing data in the cloud or in the mobile. It will help in centralizing the metrics and data models for comprehensive representation (Tierney, 2014). Data Visualization- SABIC will be able in creating story in the business by using different visually stunning analytics. The company can improve its productivity with visual workflows and intuitive. SABIC will get unique and new insights while creating various data mash ups. SABIC will enhance the library while uncovering the hidden data patterns (Greenwald, Stackowiak Stern, 2013). Advanced Analytics- It will empower the key decision makers of SABIC while taking quick decisions in finding answers to statistical and predictive questions. It will enable the business analysts of SABIC while creating mash-up data sets by running the R scripts in the batch mode. The business analysts of SABIC can choose different pre-built functions while extending the existing analytics with the R scripts (Greenwald, Stackowiak Stern, 2013). References Greenwald, R., Stackowiak, R., Stern, J. (2013).Oracle essentials: Oracle database 12c. O'Reilly Media, Inc. Tierney, B. (2014).Predictive Analytics Using Oracle Data Miner: Develop Use Data Mining Models in Oracle Data Miner, SQL PL/SQL. McGraw-Hill Education Group.